The hard disk in a computer is formatted with specific file system so that the operating system can read and write into it. For UNIX based systems we have various type of file systems. In this article we will see how to format a new partition in hard disk with ext4 file system.Available Filesystem typesFirst we see what are the different file systems available for the current operating system. The below command lists all those file systems.$ ls -1 /sbin/mkfs*Running the above code gives us the following result −/sbin/mkfs /sbin/mkfs.bfs /sbin/mkfs.cramfs /sbin/mkfs.ext2 /sbin/mkfs.ext3 /sbin/mkfs.ext4 /sbin/mkfs.ext4dev /sbin/mkfs.fat /sbin/mkfs.minix /sbin/mkfs.msdos /sbin/mkfs.ntfs /sbin/mkfs.vfatLook ... Read More

We often need to customise the operating system to become useful to our own preferences like the language we want to use the time zone we are in the type of currency which would become the default currency in the OS etc. In this article we will see how to customise these options which is known as locale.Current localeWe can check the current locally by using the locale command as shown below. We get list of variables which can be reset to a different value as per our choice later$ localeRunning the above code gives us the following result −LANG=en_US.UTF-8 ... Read More

Sometimes there may be too many columns crammed into a single file. That makes it difficult to read the content of the file and point out which data belongs to which column. In order to have a better view, we ca use certain commands that will allocate space between the columns and also mark some separation characters that will make it clear to see the beginning and end of the column.Sample FileLets’ look at the below sample file which we will use to demonstrate the column command. We can get the file from kaggle.here.$ cat iris.dataRunning the above code gives ... Read More

Did you get to take one file on a Linux or Unix approach and replicate it to a whole bunch of alternative directories? Then, this article is for you to copy a file to multiple directories in Linux/Ubuntu.Using with cp and xargsTo copy a file to multiple directories in Linux/Ubuntu, use the following in command –$ echo dir1 dir2 dir3 | xargs -n 1 cp file1In the above command, we are copying file1 to dir1, dir2, and dir3 directories.The sample example of the above command is as shown below −$ echo Music Videos Desktop | xargs -n 1 cp httpstat.pyIn ... Read More

Are you new to Linux/Ubuntu? Do you know, which version of Ubuntu/Linux is currently installed on your machine? If you are in a dilemma, then this article explains you about how to find out Linux version currently installed on your machine.Method 1Use the following command to find Ubuntu version as shown below −$cat /etc/*-releaseThe sample output should be like this –DISTRIB_ID=Ubuntu DISTRIB_RELEASE=16.04 DISTRIB_CODENAME=xenial DISTRIB_DESCRIPTION="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS" NAME="Ubuntu" VERSION="16.04.1 LTS (Xenial Xerus)" ID=ubuntu ID_LIKE=debian PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS" VERSION_ID="16.04" HOME_URL="http://www.ubuntu.com/" SUPPORT_URL="http://help.ubuntu.com/" BUG_REPORT_URL="http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/" UBUNTU_CODENAME=xenialTo get the kernel information about Linux machine, use the following command as shown below −$ hostnamectlSample output should be ... Read More

Data canters consist of a large number of enterprise servers. Not all servers are active at the same time. In case traffic is directed mostly to a particular set of servers more, those servers get busy. The other servers are less loaded, or they even turn totally inactive, thereby wasting power, maintenance costs, and other allied resources.With the changing times, businesses started looking for solutions to reduce overhead costs, enhance scalability, and standardize application deployment process. They started considering the following two approaches to reduce costs −Virtualization − Virtualization is the technology that can simulate your physical hardware (such as ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to add a new hard disk drive to Linux OS, Assuming the drive is visible to the BIOS, it should automatically be detected by the operating system. Typically, the disk drives in a system is assigned to a device name beginning with ‘hd’ or ‘sd’ followed by a letter to indicate the device number. For example, the first device might be /dev/sda, the second /dev/sdb and so on.The following is the output from a system with only one physical disk drive.# ls /dev/sd* /dev/sda /dev/sda1 /dev/sda2 /dev/sdbThis shows that the disk drive represented ... Read More

In this article, we will learn about how to fix the Dirty Cow Linux Vulnerability. The Dirty Cow Linux Vulnerability was escalated on Oct 19 2016 as it is a privilege escalation vulnerability in the Linux OS on kernel level which was disclosed with the name as Dirty COW as it will create a condition that kernel handles COW (Copy-on-Write), which exists for a long time since 2007 from kernel version 2.6.22 as most of the servers are at risk.Dirty Cow means that a regular or an unprivileged user on the server will gain write access to all the files ... Read More

In this article, we will be learning about – how to configure and install the Composer, A composer is a tool which manages dependency for the PHP, which will be useful to facilitate the installation and update of the project dependencies which also show the appropriate versions required for the project requirements.Pre-requisitesOne machine with Ubuntu 16.04.A non-root user with root privileges on the machine.Installing the DependenciesBefore installing the composer, we need to update the machine with the below command –.$ sudo apt-get updateOnce the system updates, we shall proceed with the installation setup where we will be installing the packages ... Read More

In this article, we will learn how to configure Ansible on CentOS 7 which is an Automation configuration management system. This system can control a large number of client machines with an easy administration, which can be automated from a central location.Ansible communicates over SSH tunnels and it doesn’t need to install any software on the client machine and it can retrieve information from the remote ansible machines which issues commands and copies the files.The Ansible configuration files mainly use the YAML data formation as it can be due to expressive and similarity of popular languages. The clients can be ... Read More