Introduction cURL (Client URL) is a command-line tool. It allows data to be transferred to or from a server without requiring user interaction by utilising the supported libcurl library. cURL can also be used to troubleshoot network connections. In some cases, we may need to send requests that bypass the cache and generate a new response from the server. Caching can occur on the client side (browser cache) or the server side. When using the cURL command, remember that it is only an HTTP client and does not cache any requests on the client side. As a result, any caching ... Read More

Introduction Hexdump shows the binary file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ASCII form. It is an inspection tool that is also useful for programming, reverse engineering, and data recovery. It represents the content of a file in hexadecimal form. The various tools we can use to generate a file's hex dump will be covered in this article. We will learn to create a hex dump of a file. To utilise as a model for this article, let's generate an ASCII text file. $ cat >> example.txt This is our sample text in the file. We will convert it ... Read More

Introduction If a numbering system is represented in base 16 then it is considered to be hexadecimal. In this article we will understand to convert Hex to ASCII in the Linux Shell. The hexadecimal system uses a combination of digits and alphabetic characters, and it looks like this −0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F Large digital systems are best suited for a hexadecimal numbering system since it can store and express long binary data. Because a total of 16 symbols (both digital and alphabetic, ranging from 0 to F) ... Read More

Even though the majority of us are accustomed to using Windows as our primary operating system, it is important for us to at least be familiar with other operating systems such as Unix, Linux, and others. This does not imply that Windows is the only operating system that has been used globally; rather, it indicates that other systems also take a larger proportion in terms of utilisation. The end functionality, which is using the computers to make our tasks easier, is the same regardless of the operating system that we might choose.Read through this article to find out more about ... Read More

When it comes to Linux operating system, everything in general can be considered as a file. In UNIX, in total, there are seven standard file types −FIFO specialBlock specialCharacter specialSocketRegularDirectorySymbolic linkWhen it comes to Files, these can be mainly categorized into the following categories −Regular FilesDirectory FilesSpecial FilesThe simplest way to find out what a particular file is in an operating system is by looking at what kind of extension that particular file has. The extensions can be '.txt', '.py', '.go', etc. If a particular file does not have any extension in Linux, then we basically call that file as ... Read More

Linux terminal allows us to execute a variety of commands and sometimes it so happens that we find ourselves in a scenario where we might want to use a certain command more than once. There are many occurrences where we would want to repeat the command that we just ran. In Linux, this can be done with the help of different commands, and in this tutorial, we will explore all such commands with the help of different examples. For reference and simplicity, I will run a single command, say 'ls -ltr' and then use the different methods to search what ... Read More

There are scenarios where you would want to run a particular command for 'N' number of times. In normal programming, this can be done with the help of any of the loops constructs available in that programming language. In Linux bash too, we have loops available as some other ways with which we can repeat commands 'N' number of times. In this tutorial, we will explore different bash scripts that will allow us to run a certain command multiple times. The first step when you want to work with a bash script is to create one. On Linux or macOS ... Read More

In this tutorial, we will explore some of the most commonly used and famous HTTP clients that are present in Linux. A HTTP Client is a software that is mainly used to allow us to download files from the Internet. The primary reason for using HTTP clients is generally to download files, but these can also be used in case we want to debug or interact with a web server or multiple web servers.Now, let's consider the most famous HTTP Clients that are used.HTTPieWith the name that almost resembles of the famous web protocol (i.e., HTTP), HTTPie, is command line ... Read More

Bash scripts are one of the most convenient approaches when we talk about making the command line processes automated in nature. They help us in doing a group of things in a simpler and more understandable manner, and we can do almost all theoperations that we could do in other languages as well.It is well known that the syntax of the bash can be tricky at first, and hence I will try to explain everything that I have used in this tutorial.We come across various situations where we would want to make use of bash scripts to perform different operations ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Client Operating System (OS) and Server OS before learning the differences between them.Client Operating System (OS)Client operating system is a system which works within computer desktops and other portable devices such as laptops and smartphones. Operating systems that are installed on the client’s computer device like PC, Laptop are called client OS.This operating system helps computers to run.Client OS manages different hardware components that are connected to printers, monitors and cameras.It supports a single user at a time.It is also capable of obtaining services from a server operating system.When compared to a server operating ... Read More