Introduction Proxy servers are intermediary servers that act as a gateway between a user's device and the internet. When connected to the internet through a proxy server, all data requests from the user's device are first sent to the proxy server which then forwards them to the internet. Similarly, when data is received from the internet, it first goes through the proxy server before reaching the user's device. There are several types of proxies including HTTP proxies, HTTPS proxies and SOCKS proxies. Each type of proxy serves different purposes with varying degrees of security and privacy. Understanding Proxy Settings on ... Read More

Introduction Configuring Postfix and Dovecot with virtual domain users is an essential process for anyone running a Linux-based email server. These two software applications are the backbone of email servers, and they work together to handle incoming and outgoing emails. Postfix is the mail transfer agent responsible for accepting incoming emails. On the other hand, Dovecot is the email delivery agent responsible for delivering incoming emails to users' mailboxes. In this article, we will provide a detailed guide on how to configure Postfix and Dovecot with virtual domain users in Linux. Explanation of Postfix and Dovecot Postfix is ... Read More

Introduction In today's digital age, security is of utmost importance. The rise of cyber threats and data breaches has shown that no system is completely safe. System administrators and IT professionals must take proactive measures to protect their systems and data. One such measure is the use of Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) for user authentication. PAM is a powerful tool that allows system administrators to customize the authentication process for their systems. It enables the use of multiple authentication methods, such as passwords, tokens, and biometrics, among others. This flexibility makes it easier for administrators to manage access ... Read More

Introduction OpenStack is an open-source cloud computing platform that enables the creation and management of public, private, and hybrid cloud environments. The platform provides a wide range of services including computing, storage, and networking. OpenStack Networking, also known as Neutron, is a service that offers software-defined networking capabilities for OpenStack environments. Understanding OpenStack Networking Concepts OpenStack is an open-source cloud computing platform that allows users to create, manage, and provision cloud computing resources. One of the most critical components of OpenStack is networking. Understanding OpenStack networking concepts requires knowledge of the overall architecture and types of networks in OpenStack. ... Read More

Introduction Configuring a static IP address is essential for maintaining network stability and security on RHEL/CentOS 8. Unlike dynamic IP addresses, static IP addresses remain constant, ensuring that devices can be easily identified and located on the network. This is particularly important in enterprise environments where multiple servers, virtual machines, or other devices may be running at the same time. Static IP addressing also offers several benefits over dynamic addressing. For example, it reduces the risk of conflicts that can occur when multiple devices attempt to use the same IP address. Additionally, it provides more control over network ... Read More

Introduction The Internet Protocol (IP) address is a crucial component of computer networking as it uniquely identifies each device connected to a network. By default, most network interfaces are configured to obtain an IP address dynamically from a router or DHCP server. However, in some cases, it is necessary to configure a static IP address. A static IP address is an IP address that is manually assigned to a device and does not change over time unless manually reconfigured. In this article, we will discuss how to configure a static IP address on Ubuntu 18.04 and why it's important ... Read More

Introduction Have you ever wondered how your computer connects to a website? The answer lies in the Domain Name System (DNS), which translates domain names into IP addresses. But did you know that you can actually edit this process by modifying your computer's hosts file? The hosts file is a simple text file that maps IP addresses to domain names, allowing you to bypass DNS and specify exactly where your computer should look for a website. Editing Hosts File in Linux Where is the hosts file located in Linux and how to access it? The hosts file in ... Read More

Introduction Have you ever found yourself in a situation where you have made progress on a specific branch and need to switch over to another branch immediately? If the answer is yes, this is where Git Stash comes into play. Git Stash is a powerful feature that allows developers to temporarily store changes that they have made, without needing to commit them. It's perfect for situations where developers need to change branches or work on other tasks, but don't want to lose their progress. Importantly, it enables users to return later and pick up right where they left off. Definition ... Read More

Introduction Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) is a popular distribution of the Linux operating system designed for enterprise use. It is widely used in data centers, cloud computing environments, and mission-critical applications due to its robustness, reliability, and scalability. RHEL 9, the latest version released in May 2021, includes several new features and enhancements that make it an attractive option for businesses seeking a secure and stable operating system. Some of the key features of RHEL 9 include improved container capabilities with Podman and Buildah, enhanced security with OpenSCAP integration, better performance with XFS file system improvements, simplified application ... Read More

Introduction In the world of enterprise-level Linux operating systems, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) and its derivative, CentOS, are two of the most widely used distributions. They offer a stable and robust platform that is trusted by many organizations worldwide. However, sometimes it may become necessary to downgrade to a previous minor release due to compatibility issues or other reasons. In this article, we will show you how to downgrade RHELCentOS to a previous minor release safely. Preparing for Downgrade Backing up data and configurations Before beginning the process of downgrading your RHEL/CentOS system, it is essential to ... Read More