Github is an online source code repository and hosting service for open-source projects, which provides the ability to host, version control, review, fork, and submit changes to any project hosted there. The following steps will help you download a tarball of your choice from github.com − By using git clone Download Git repository as a tar or zip file You can use either the command line tool "Github" (which is installed by default) or the GUI client "SourceTree". However, if you don't have these tools, you can download the source code in tar format and extract its contents ... Read More

A Linux command that you run from a terminal window can be built-in (a part of the system), a function (an application that runs when you enter certain commands), an alias (another name for a command), or an external executable (a program that you download). You can use the which, command, whereis, whatis, and type tools to determine what each one is and where they are located. We will look at the which, command, types, and whereis commands as they are usually found in most Linux-Based OSs. So let’s explore how to get the path of a Linux command in ... Read More

Introduction On various occasions, we desired to combine PDF files to organise them, lessen clutter, or share them with others. Linux provides a variety of utilities for merging pdf files. Some of the most popular ones are listed below − pdfunite pdftk gs convert qpdf These application tools have a lot of functions, and for this article, we will concentrate on their file-merging functionality. Let's examine some of them individually. pdfunite "pdfunite" is the tool's name in the Poppler Utils package that merges PDF files. The use of pdfunite is rather easy. Use the DNF command below to ... Read More

Introduction The tools we can use to send standard output to files while maintaining their colours will be covered in this post. This is especially helpful while troubleshooting because it makes it simpler to scan the output logs thanks to the coloured areas. By Using Grep A file can be searched for text patterns or strings using the grep command. Regular expressions are the names given to the patterns. Syntax The syntax for the grep command is as follows − $ grep [options] pattern [files] Example Let's make a example.txt file by using cat command. After that we will ... Read More

As system administrators or DevOps functions, many times we come with the requirement to exchange files content, for example, suppose you have a backup file of /etc/passwd by name /etc/password.backup and you want to restore the same in /etc/passwd but you also want current content of /etc/password should be copied to /etc/passwd.backup. In other words, exchange content of /etc/passwd with /etc/passwd.backup and /etc/passwd.backup with /etc/passwd. The Linux operating system's useful tools and commands enable you to achieve/accomplish a wide range of file manipulation goals. For one reason or another, you may need to swap two files in the Linux ... Read More

OpenSSL OpenSSL is a valuable tool for general-purpose cryptography and secure communication, and it does various tasks, including encrypting files. Most Linux distributions install the device by default; if not, you can install it using your package manager. Before encrypting a file using OpenSSL, let us have a basic understanding of encryption. Encryption is a method of encoding a message to protect its contents from prying eyes. There are two types in general − Symmetric or secret-key encryption Asymmetric or public-key encryption Secret-key encryption uses the same key for encryption and decryption, whereas publickey encryption uses separate keys ... Read More

Introduction We occasionally need to make changes to files quickly, preferably from the command line. One example is adding a string to the end of each line of a file. In this article, we'll look at several ways to accomplish this using various Linux commands. The sample file language.txt that follows will be used throughout this article − pi@TTP:~ $ touch language.txt Example A file will be created with the name of language.txt. pi@TTP:~ $ cat > language.txt With the help of cat command with > we can insert data into the file. If we open the file language.txt you ... Read More

Before explaining how to list all open network ports in Linux, we will briefly discuss ports in computer networking. In computer networking and software terms, a port is a logical entity representing a network application. A port is a term used to recognize a network service by a number. The port serves as a communication endpoint for the Linux operating system to identify a specific process or application. A port is a 16-bit (0 to 65535) number that distinguishes one running network application from others. We can classify these port numbers into three categories, Well-Known Ports (0 to 1023) ... Read More

This article will look at a problem with the network namespace file in a Docker container. We'll examine why the network namespace file is invisible to the ip netns ls command. Before moving ahead, let's have a brief overview of Docker, Containers and Network Namespace Containerization Containerization is similar to virtualization, in which an application and all its dependencies and libraries are packaged into a single container; it can run in any computing environment. When the OS kernel and all necessary libraries and dependencies are included in the container, anyone working on the application can use only the container to ... Read More

Introduction cURL (Client URL) is a command-line tool. It allows data to be transferred to or from a server without requiring user interaction by utilising the supported libcurl library. cURL can also be used to troubleshoot network connections. In some cases, we may need to send requests that bypass the cache and generate a new response from the server. Caching can occur on the client side (browser cache) or the server side. When using the cURL command, remember that it is only an HTTP client and does not cache any requests on the client side. As a result, any caching ... Read More