Both Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer networks transfer data from a source to a destination with minimal loss in transmission. Both these networks establish a communication channel through which data transmission takes place, however the channel remains dedicated in case of a Client-Server network, which is not the case with Peer-to-Peer networks.Read through this article to find out how client-server networks differ from peer-to-peer networks.What is a Client-Server Network?The client-server paradigm is a network process communication structure that connects service requestors, clients, and providers. A network or the Internet is used to connect the client and the server.The client-server approach, which also ... Read More

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP) are the most widely used Internet protocols. TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, which means, once a connection is established, data can be sent bidirectional. UDP, on the other hand, is a simpler, connectionless Internet protocol. Multiple messages are sent as packets in chunks using UDP. Go through this article to find out more about TCP and UDP and how they differ from each other. What is TCP? TCP is a transport layer connection-oriented protocol. It provides a reliable connection and protected data transmission between the connected machines over a network. ... Read More

Communication, in general, is the process of transferring data from a source to a destination by using any of the available modes such as audio, video, text or even signals, etc. This communication may be straightforward between one sender and one receiver or it may include multiple senders and receivers. On the basis of the number of senders and receivers involved, a communication can either be "Point-to-Point" or "Multi-point".Read through this article to find out more about these two forms of communication and how they differ from each other.What is Point-to-Point Communication?In telecommunications, a point-to-point connection is a communications link ... Read More

What is Routing? The process of determining a path for traffic inside a network or across or across different networks is known as routing. Routing occurs in a wide range of networks, including circuit-switched networks like the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and computer networks like the Internet. Routing is the higher-level decision-making in packet switching networks that sends network packets from their source to their destination through intermediate network nodes using particular packet forwarding techniques. The passage of network packets from one network interface to another is known as packet forwarding. Routers, gateways, and other network hardware devices are ... Read More

Tag identification layer of Electronic Product Code (EPC) Gen 2 lays down the method by which the readers can receive the identifiers from the tags. EPC Gen 2 (second generation) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) network has two main components, tags and readers. RFID tags are affixed on objects with EPC encoded on them for identification. EPC helps to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them. Readers are the intelligent part of the system that tracks the tags. The tag identification layer addresses the multiple access problem of getting messages from unknown number of tags.Working PrincipleIn ... Read More

Backscatter is a method that uses an incident radio-frequency (RF) signal to transmit data without a battery or power source. It employs passive reflection and modulation of the incoming RF signal, and converts it into tens or hundreds of microwatts of electricity, that can be encoded for data communications.It differs from other wireless communications since the communication is half duplex in nature, i.e. both the sender and receiver cannot transmit simultaneously. The mains advantage of backscattering is that it’s low energy requirements and low complexity of deployment.Architecture of backscatter communicationsA basic backscatter communication system has two main components: tags, and ... Read More

Physical layer of Electronic Product Code (EPC) Gen 2 defines method of transmission of bits across the network. EPC is a universal identifier encoded on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them. The second generation of this technology, as laid down by EPCglobal Tag Data Standard, is called EPC Gen 2.EPC Gen 2 RFID network has two main components, tags and readers. Tags are affixed on objects that enables them to be identified or tracked. Readers are the intelligent part of the system that tracks the tags. The physical ... Read More

The Bluetooth radio layer is the lowest layer of Bluetooth architecture that corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model. It lays down the physical structure and specifications for the transmission of radio waves.The position of the radio layer depicted in the following diagram −Characteristic Features of Bluetooth Radio LayerThe Bluetooth radio layer lays down the requirements of the Bluetooth transceiver device that communicates using Bluetooth technology.It defines air interface, frequency bands, frequency hopping specifications, and modulation techniques.This layer is responsible for moving data bits from the master device to the slave device, and vice versa.It is a low-power ... Read More

Bluetooth network technology connects mobile devices wirelessly over a short-range to form a personal area network (PAN). The Bluetooth architecture has its own independent model with a stack of protocols, instead of following the standard OSI model or TCP/IP model. The protocols in the Bluetooth standard can be loosely grouped into the physical layer, data link layer, middleware layer, and application layer as shown in the following diagram − Protocols in the Bluetooth Protocol Architecture Physical Layer − This includes Bluetooth radio and Baseband (also in the data link layer. ... Read More

Bluetooth communication networks are prone to signal interferences in environments where other wireless networks coexist. The problem is aggravated when they use the same frequency bands. Bluetooth technology and IEEE 802.11 networks, like Wireless LANs (WLANs) and WiFi, operate in the same unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) radio band. In order to reduce the impact of these interferences, Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH) was introduced by Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG).In Adaptive Frequency Hopping, when a Bluetooth device is introduced in the network, it identifies the channels that are presently fixed for communication by WiFi or WLANs. It ... Read More