When data is shared from one computer to another computer, the system does not protect whether the information received by the computer is actually to the data transmitted by another computer. An error is when the message received at the receiver end is not interchangeable with the message sent.Types of ErrorsFollowing are the types of errors −Single-Bit ErrorThese errors occur when only a single bit in a data packet is changed from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1. These types of errors are most likely to happen in the parallel transmission of data.Suppose a block of data is sent ... Read More

Data Link Layer is the second layer in the OSI reference model. It represents creating a shared transmission medium and frequent transmission of the data frame in a computer transmission setting.It obtains a natural flow of items for the physical layer at the sender device. The primary stream of data is generated using different technologies like cable, DSL, wireless, optical fibre, etc.Service Provided to Network Layer The data link layer supports well-defined interfaces to the network layer. It can manage communication errors, control the data flow, and manage sender and receiver inconsistency by keeping the multiple services.The data link layer works ... Read More

Circuit SwitchingIn this approach, there is a dedicated route between sender and receiver. Before the link is determined in the circuit switching approach, the dedicated route will continue until the connection is eliminated.Message SwitchingMessage Switching is an approach in which a message is sent as a whole unit and routed by the intermediate hub at which it is saved and delivered. There is no installation of a dedicated route between the sender and receiver in the message switching approach.The destination location is added to the message. It supports flexible routing as the message is routed by the intermediate hub based ... Read More

Packet switching merges the benefit of the message and circuit switching. Long messages are divided into smaller units known as packets.A question appears as to how the network will manage this flow of packets as it tries to path them through the network and transfer them to the planned designation.  In a packet-switched network, data is transmitted in discrete units of potentially variable length of blocks known as packets.The maximum length of packets depends on the network. In this, longer size messages are broken into multiple packets. Each packet contains the data with a header. The header includes the control ... Read More

In message switching, the sending device joins the destination location to the communication and develops it to the network. The message is then generated by the web from one node to the other node, because it arrives at the predetermined destination.Each switching hub gets a message, stores it momentarily and afterward, sends it to the following hub, as shown in the diagram below.An example of message switching is emails, PC documents, telegrams and transaction queries and responses. A full exchange can include various messages.If a message is transmitted from station A to station B, it can take either path 1-2-3-4 ... Read More

Circuit Switching is a dedicated connection path between the sending and receiving devices. The dedicated route is a connected series of connections between the switching nodes.A traditional mobile network, where a dedicated route is established between the caller and the called party for the span of a mobile call, is termed as circuit switching.The circuit switching is depicted in the diagram given below −Transmission through circuit switching has three phases, which are as follows −Circuit EstablishmentA circuit switching network is necessary to establish an end-to-end link before any signal is transmitted. For example, if the communication is between A and ... Read More

When a client creates the web or another computer network which is external to their current position, the messages are transmitted by the transmission media web. This method of shifting the data from one computer network to another network is called data switching.Switches can be called as an advanced form of the hub. They can provide the dedicated bandwidth at each node of the network that results in traffic passing through one node without affecting another node. It combines the hardware and software. Moreover, it contains enough intelligence to turn on or off a specific port through its software controls.Switching ... Read More

An asynchronous TDM is also called as a Statistical TDM. ATDM has been designed to solve the problem of wastage of the multiplexed channels in synchronous TDM.In ATDM, if there are n input lines, then each slot can contain m frames, where m is less than n, as shown in the figure below.In ATDM, the multiplexer scans all the input lines and accepts the portions of data till the frame is filled. When the frame is filled, it is sent across the link. If the senders don't have enough data to fill the frame, it is transmitted as partially filled. ... Read More

In the Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing (STDM), the multiplexer assigns an equal time slot to every device at all times, whether or not a device has anything to send. Time slot A, for instance, is authorised to device A alone and cannot be used by any other device.Each time is assigned a time slot and it shows up. Then, a device has the time to transmit a portion of its data. If a device cannot send or does not have data to send, its time slot remains null.The time slots are consolidated into frames, and every frame includes one or ... Read More

The Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a digital procedure. Here, each sender is given the entire possession of the whole bandwidth of the channel for a fixed duration of time. After this, the control is moved to the next sender, and the process continues on a round-robin basis.An example of TDM is the television broadcast. In a television serial, generally, a 10 minutes' serial is followed by a 5 minutes' advertisement. The time in which the serial is being broadcasted, the total frequency is dedicated to the serial.VariantsThe following variants on TDM are as follows −ATDM (Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing): Multiplexing ... Read More