Router is a particular type of device used to connect two or more subnets that cannot be similar. These devices support connectedness between two LANs or two WANs over the large geographical range. The routers evaluate the best route from a sender to a receiver. For this, they perform in a routing protocol to create the network topology, and the data thus gathered is used to evaluate routes. They operate at the OSI model’s network layer and accommodate all the subnetworks differences up to this layer to provide a uniform network service to the nodes transport layer entities.Routers are generally ... Read More

Bridges are used to connect two subnetworks that use interchangeable protocols. It combines two LANs to form an extended LAN. The main difference between the bridge and repeater is that the bridge has a penetrating efficiency.Working of BridgesA bridge accepts all the packets and amplifies all of them to the other side. The bridges are intelligent devices that allow the passing of only selective packets from them. A bridge only passes those packets addressed from a node in one network to another node in the other network.A bridge performs in the following aspect −A bridge receives all the packets or ... Read More

A repeater is a dynamic network device used to reproduce the signals when they transmit over a greater distance so that the signal’s strength remains equal. It can be used to create an Ethernet network. A repeater that occurs as the first layer of the OSI layer is the physical layer.Features of RepeatersThese repeaters are linked to each other at the physical layer.It sends the signals for the unsteady areas to enlarge the system signals.These receptors linked the various network signals to convert the data between the two devices.These repeaters can eliminate the distance between the two devices.The repeaters can ... Read More

HubsHub is a network connectivity device that enables relation nodes to interact with each other. It provides a frequent connection point for a tool in a network. So, Hub is a central concentrating point for a computer network. It supports a key data point for network cabling. Only coaxial cable Ethernet does not use hubs at all. Most of the local area networks use the hub to interconnect computers and other devices.A hub organizes the cables and broadcast signals to the different media segments as displayed in the figure −SwitchesA switch is a hardware tool that filters and promote folder ... Read More

A hub is a standard network point, also referred to as a network hub, to connect devices in a network. The hub has numerous ports. If a packet makes one port, it can be viewed by all the network segments because a packet is duplicated to another port. Hub is a unique device used to enhance a network by enabling increased workstations in the network.Types of HubsThere are three types of hubs which are as follows −Passive HubsPassive hubs do not include any computerized elements, and they do not procedure the data signal at all. The main goal of a ... Read More

A device that eliminates a section of cabling or implements a state of access for network devices, including PCs, hubs, and switches. Connectors can be famous for their physical presentation and mating features, including jacks and attachment (male connectors) or attachments and ports (female connectors).Connectors are used to connect the guided (wired) transmission media to devices like the hub, server, workstations etc.Types of ConnectorsThere are several types of connectors as follows −Twisted Pair Cable ConnectorsFor the past various years, virtually all new connections have been constructed using a twisted pair cabling mechanism. UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair) is used rather than ... Read More

Transmission Mode represents the direction of the movement of data from one connection devices to other devices. It communicates the order of signal movement between the two devices.Following are the types of transmission modes in a computer network −Simplex Transmission ModeIn a computing network, when there is a single movement of data or one control movement of data from the sender to the receiver, it is called the Simplex mode of transmission.For example, A connection between a machine and a keyboard contains a simplex duplex transmission. A television advertisement is an example of simplex duplex transmission.A loudspeaker system is also a simplex transmission. A broadcaster communicates ... Read More

The physical layer meets all these requirements out. The set of rules and procedures for interaction between physical layers are called Physical layer protocols. The layer provides a physical connection different from the physical transmission path because it is at the bit level while the transmission path is at the electrical signal level. This physical connection can be a point to point physical connection or point to the multi-point physical connection, as shown in the figure − The physical layer provides its services to the data link layer, the next higher layer of the OSI model. The ... Read More

The physical layer is vital for transmitting bits from one device to the other device. The physical layer is not concerned with the bits representation, but it manages with physical relation to the structure with communication and signals acceptance.The physical layer is used to define physical and electrical details, including what will determine a 1 or a 0, how many attachments a network will have, how we will synchronize data and when the network relation may or may not send the data.The location of the physical layer regarding the communication mode and the data link layer is displayed in the ... Read More

Following are the differences between OSI and TCP/IP Reference Model −OSITCP/IPOSI represents Open System Interconnection.TCP/IP model represents the Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.OSI is a generic, protocol independent standard. It is acting as an interaction gateway between the network and the final-user.TCP/IP model depends on standard protocols about which the computer network has created. It is a connection protocol that assigns the network of hosts over the internet.The OSI model was developed first, and then protocols were created to fit the network architecture’s needs.The protocols were created first and then built the TCP/IP model.It provides quality services.It does not ... Read More