A magnetic disk is a storage device that can be assumed as the shape of a Gramophone record. This disk is coated on both sides with a thin film of Magnetic material. This magnetic material has the property that it can store either ‘1’ or ‘0] permanently. The magnetic material has square loop hysteresis (curve) which can remain in one out of two possible directions which correspond to binary ‘1’ or ‘0’. Bits are saved in the magnetized surface in marks along concentric circles known as tracks. The tracks are frequently divided into areas known as sectors.In this system, the ... Read More

In a multiprogramming system, the main memory is broken into two parts as one part for the operating system (resident monitor) ad one part for the program currently being implemented. In a multiprogramming system, the “user” part of memory is divided to contain various processes. The task of the subdivision is carried out dynamically by the operating framework and is called memory management.Address spaces − The Pentium-II contains hardware for both segmentation and paging. Both mechanisms can be disabled, enabling the user to select from the definite aspect of memory −Unsegmented unpaged memory − In this case, the virtual address ... Read More

Synchronous CounterThe synchronous counter also referred to as a parallel counter is the one in which each establishing flip flops are clocked with the similar clock input at the same time. In the synchronous counter, all the flip-flops in the cascade network are independently linked to an external clock.This supports the clocking of all the flip-flops constituting the counter simultaneously instant with a similar clock input. This represents the output of each flip-flop change in synchronization with the clock input. In the synchronous counter, the similar clock pulse is moved to the clock input of all the flip-flops. The clock ... Read More

LatchA latch is a device with particularly two stable states and these states are high-output and low-output. A latch has a feedback direction, to maintain the data. Latches can be memory devices and can save one bit of information. It is used to “latch onto” data and save it in the required area. One of the most generally used latches is the SR latch.An SR latch is an asynchronous device. An SR latch does not rely upon control signals but relies only on the state of the S and R inputs. An SR latch can be generated by interlinking two ... Read More

DecoderA decoder is a combinational logic circuit that converts a code into a set of signals. A decoder circuit does accurately the reversal of encoding. It has several inputs and outputs, and it is generally used to modify coded inputs into coded outputs supported both of them are diverse from each other.In simple methods, it is a device that interprets encoded data or information into its initial format. It decodes encoded information. Therefore, the input code usually has fewer bits than the bits in the output code. A decoder is used in the client interface in various output devices including ... Read More

EncoderA digital circuit that executes the inverse services of a decoder is known as an encoder. It has 2n input lines and n output lines. In an encoder, the output lines create the binary code equivalent to the input value. The figure displays the general architecture of an encoder circuit.DecoderThe decoder is an electronic device that can modify a digital signal to an analog signal. It enables a single input line and creates multiple output lines. The decoders are used in several communication projects that are connected between two devices. The decoder enables N- inputs and creates 2 power N-numbers ... Read More

Classic mask-programmed ROM chips are joined circuits that physically encode the information to be saved, and therefore it is inaccessible to modify their contents after fabrication. Several methods of non-volatile solid-state memory allow some degree of modification −Programmable read-only memory (PROM) − It is a one-time programmable ROM (OTP) and can be written to or programmed through a unique device known as a PROM programmer. This device uses high voltages to permanently damage or generate internal connections (fuses or anti-fuses) inside the chip.Erasable Programmable read-only memory (EPROM) − It can be erased by hazard to powerful ultraviolet light (generally for ... Read More

RAM is an element of the main memory that is directly usable by the CPU (Central Processing Unit). Memory can save programs and information during computer operations. The major technology used for the main memory depends on semiconductor integrated circuits.The feature of RAM is that it is volatile. A RAM should be supported with a fixed power supply. If the power is disrupted, therefore the data is hidden. Therefore, RAM can be used only as temporary storage. RAM technology has been divided into technologies which are as follows −Static RAM − Memories that include circuits that are adequate for maintaining ... Read More

MultiplexerA multiplexer is a combinational circuit that obtains binary data from one of 2" input data lines and manages it to an individual output line. The selection of a specific input data line for the output is decided by a collection of selection inputs. A 2"-to-1 multiplexer has 2" input data lines and n input selection lines whose bit combinations decide which input data are chosen for the output.Multiplexing is a procedure and method of transmitting multiple analog or digital input signals or data flow over one route. Multiplexing organizes multi-low-speed medium into one high-speed route for transmission, the high-speed ... Read More

Convex was the first device produce to commercialize a CC-NUMA machine, known as the SPP1000. SPP represents a Scalable Parallel Processor. The goals of the SPP Exemplar series are to make a family of high-implementation computers where the multiple processors can simply range from 10 to 1000 and the peak implementation would arrive at the TeraFLOPS.The node of the SP1000 is symmetric multiprocessors, called hyper nodes. Each hypernode includes four functional blocks and an I/O subsystem. Each functional block includes two CPUs (HP PA-RISCs) sending an individual CPU agent, and a memory unit influencing hypernode private memory data, global memory ... Read More