A Binary Adder is a digital circuit that implements the arithmetic sum of two binary numbers supported with any length is known as a binary adder. It is generated using full-adder circuits connected in sequence. The output carries from one full-adder linked to the input carry of the next full-adder.The following block diagram demonstrates the interconnections of four full-adder circuits to support a 4-bit binary adder.The augend bits of A and the addend bits of B is created by subscript numbers from right to left, with subscript 0 indicating the low-order bit. The carries are linked in a chain by ... Read More

The operations implemented on data stored in registers are known as micro-operations. A micro-operation is a basic operation implemented on the data saved in one or more registers.There are various micro-operations including addition, subtraction, increment, and decrement.Add Micro-OperationIt is described by the following statement −R3 → R1 + R2The following statement instructs the information or contents of register R1 to be inserted to data or content of register R2 and the sum must be converted to register R3.Subtract Micro-OperationExample −R3 → R1 + R2' + 1Subtract micro-operation are using minus operator we create 1's complement and add 1 to the ... Read More

The transfer of data from a memory word to the external environment is known as a read operation. The read operation in memory transfer is represented as the transfer of data from the address register (AR) with the selected word M for the memory into the memory buffer register (MBR).[AR]M MBR=Read OperationThe control signal of the read operation starts the read operation. The read operation statement generates the data transfer from the chosen memory register M into the MBR.The transfer of new data to be saved into the memory is known as the write operation. The memory transfer in the ... Read More

A bus transfer is the most effective method to send data by using a common bus system. It is constructed using common bus registers in multiple registers. The mechanism of the bus includes a collection of lines. These lines are registers of one bit each, which share only one information at a time. The data transfer is contained by the control signals.The two methods that can be used in Bus transfer are as follows −Using multiplexerUsing three states bus buffersUsing MultiplexerA common bus can be generated using a multiplexer. It facilitates in choosing the source register to place the binary ... Read More

Registers define the storage area that influences the data and instructions. It can send data and instructions from one register to another register, memory to register, and memory to memory, the register transfer approach is used. This register is used in the transmission of data and instructions between memory and processors to implement the particular tasks.The data transfer from one register to another is named in representative design using a replacement operator. The statement isR2←R1It indicates a transfer of the content of register R1 into register R2. It labelled a replacement of the content of R2 by the content of ... Read More

The floating-point representation can implement operations for high range values. The numerical evaluations are carried out using floating-point values. It can create calculations easy, scientific numbers are described as follows −The number 5, 600, 000 can be described as 0.56 * 107.Therefore, 0.56 is the mantissa and 7 is the value of the exponent.Binary numbers can also be described in exponential form. The description of binary numbers in the exponential form is called floating-point representation. The floating-point representation breaks the number into two parts, the left-hand side is a signed, fixed-point number known as a mantissa and the right-hand side ... Read More

Fixed-point is an elementary and simple method to define factorial numbers. The fixed-point numbers help a constant amount of bits. The “fixed-point” defines the decimal point of a number. There is no free symbol to name where the decimal point promote. But, in binary, bits can either be 0 or 1.Decimal Fixed-Point RepresentationFixed-point representation has a radix point known as decimal point. Fixed-point numbers having decimal points at the right end of the number are treated as integers because the fixed-point numbers having decimal points at the left end of the number are treated as fractions. In this method, the ... Read More

Complements are used in digital computers for facilitating the subtraction operation and for logical manipulation. There are two methods of complements for each base r system: the r's complement and the (r - 1)'s complement.(r - 1)'s Complement9's complementGiven a number N in base r having n digits, the (rn - 1)'s complement of N is represented as (rn- 1) - N. For decimal numbers r = 10 and r - 1 = 9, therefore the 9's complement of N is (10n - 1) - N.Now, 10n defines a number that includes a single 1 followed by n 0's. 10n ... Read More

A digital circuit that executes the inverse services of a decoder is known as an encoder. It has 2ninput lines and n output lines. In an encoder, the output lines create the binary code equivalent to the input value. The diagram shows the general architecture of an encoder circuit.Decimal to BCD EncoderThe decimal to BCD encoder has ten input lines and four output lines. The input for the encoder is the decoded decimal data and encoded BCD is the output accessible on the four output lines. The diagram demonstrates the logic symbol for decimal to BCD encoder IC.The diagram demonstrates ... Read More

A binary decoder is a decoder that has an n-bit binary input code and one activated output which is chosen from output codes. This decoder is accessible in instances where it is important to simulate directly one of the outputs based on an n-bit input value. In a 2 to 4 decoder, 2 inputs are decoded into four outputs, each output describing one of the min-terms of the 2 input variables. The two inverters support the complement of the inputs and each one of the four AND gates creates one of the min-terms.The diagram shows the circuit diagram of a ... Read More