Pipelining defines a technique of decomposing a sequential process into sub-operations, with each sub-operation being implemented in an enthusiastic segment that works together with all other segments. There are the following techniques that can be followed to avoid pipelining conflicts −Hardware Interlocks − Hardware interlocks are electronic circuits that detect instructions whose source operands are destinations of instructions further up in the pipeline. After detecting this situation, the instruction whose source is not available is delayed by a suitable number of clock periods. In this way, the conflict is resolved.Operand Forwarding − This procedure need special hardware to identify a ... Read More

Pipelining is a technique of breaking a sequential process into small fragments or sub-operations. The execution of each of these sub-procedure takes place in a certain dedicated segment that functions together with all other segments. The pipeline has a collection of processing segments which helps the flow of binary information.The internal working in a pipeline is such that the outcome of one segment is conveyed to the next segment in the pipeline until the desired result is obtained. The outcome is acquired after the information is developed through all segments.The term “pipeline” indicates that the flow of information takes place ... Read More

Parallel processing is an approach that can denote a huge class of methods that can give simultaneous data-processing functions to improve the computational speed of a computer system.Rather than processing each instruction sequentially as in a traditional computer, a parallel processing system can implement concurrent data processing to manage quicker implementation time.For example, while an instruction is being implemented in the ALU, the next instruction can be read from memory. The system can have multiple ALUs and can implement various instructions at a similar time.The system can have multiple processors operating together. Parallel processing aims to speed up the computer ... Read More

The hypercube interconnection is also defined as a binary n-cube multiprocessor. The hypercube is treated to be a loosely coupled system. This system is composed of N = 2n processors that are linked in an n-dimensional binary cube. Each processor denotes a node of the cube.Each processor includes a direct communication route to n other neighbour processors. These routes are associated with the edges of the cube. The processors can be authorized with 2n distinct n-bit binary addresses. Each processor send differs from that of each of its n neighbors by directly one-bit position.The figure displayed the hypercube structure for ... Read More

Omega switching network is one such topology that is shown in the figure. In this configuration, there is directly one direction from each source to any specific destination.There is some request design, however, cannot be linked together. For example, any two sources cannot be linked together to destinations 000 and 001.As shown in the figure, a specific request is started in the switching network through the source that sends a 3-bit pattern depicting the destination number.Each level checks a multiple bit to specify the 2 x 2 switch setting as the binary design transfer through the network. Level 1 determines ... Read More

The basic element of a multistage network is a two-input, two-output interchange switch. As displayed in the figure, the 2 X 2 switch has two inputs labeled A and B, and two outputs labeled 0 and 1.There are control signals related to the switch. The control signals start interconnection between the input and output terminals. The switch can join input A to either of the outputs. Terminal B of the switch facilitates similarly. The switch can also arbitrate between conflicting requests.In case, inputs A and B request the same output terminals, it is possible that only one of the inputs ... Read More

The crossbar switch organization includes various crosspoints that are located at intersections between processor buses and memory module directions. The diagram shows a crossbar switch interconnection between four CPUs and four memory modules.The tiny square in each crosspoint is a switch that decides the direction from a processor to a memory module. Every switch point has to control logic to set up the transmission direction between a processor and memory.It determines the address that is located in the bus to decide whether its specific module is being addressed. It can also resolve several requests for an approach to the equal ... Read More

Multiport memory is a memory that helps in providing more than one access port to separate processors or to separate parts of one processor. A bus can be used to achieve this kind of access.This mechanism applies to interconnected computers too. A multiport memory system uses separate buses between each CPU and each memory module.Each processor bus is linked to each memory module. A processor bus includes three components as an address, information, and control lines. These components are required to connect with memory. The memory module has four ports and each port includes one of the buses.A module should ... Read More

In the time-shared common bus, there are numerous processors linked by a common direction to the memory unit in a common-bus multiprocessor system. The figure shows the organization of time-shared common buses for five processors.There is only one processor that can interact with the memory of another processor. The processor that is in control of the bus at the time implements transfer operations. Any processor that needs to start a transfer should first check the availability condition of the bus.During the bus is available, the processor can start a connection with the destination unit to introduce the transfer. A command ... Read More

Shared Memory MultiprocessorsIn shared-memory multiprocessors, numerous processors are accessing one or more shared memory modules. The processors may be physically connected to the memory modules in many ways, but logically every processor is connected to every memory module.One of the major characteristics of shared memory multiprocessors is that all processors have equally direct access to one large memory address space. The limitation of shared memory multiprocessors is memory access latency.The figure shows shared-memory multiprocessors.Shared memory multiprocessors have a major benefit over other multiprocessors since all the processors sent a similar view of the memory.These processors are also termed Uniform Memory ... Read More