Introduction The Linux operating system is a powerful tool that offers a wide range of features and functionalities to its users. One of most common tasks performed by system administrators on Linux systems is to switch to root user account using su command. However, in some cases, it is recommended to use su – instead of just su. In this article, we will explore reasons behind using su – and provide examples of how it can be beneficial. What is difference between su and su –? The su command is used to switch to another user account on system, typically ... Read More

Virtualization technology has been a game-changer for IT industry, offering businesses and organizations an efficient and cost-effective solution to manage their IT infrastructure. Virtualization enables organizations to consolidate multiple servers into one physical host, reducing need for additional hardware and saving on energy and maintenance costs. Virtualization also allows organizations to quickly and easily create and manage virtual machines, enabling them to scale up and down as needed, and respond to changing business requirements. With increasing popularity of virtualization, businesses are faced with challenge of choosing right virtualization technology that best suits their needs. There are several virtualization technologies available ... Read More

Introduction Linux is an open-source operating system that is widely used in servers, supercomputers, and embedded systems. kernel is core component of Linux, which controls all resources and services of system. Linux kernel comes in two versions, 32-bit and 64-bit, which have some significant differences. In this article, we will explore differences between these two versions and their impact on performance and capabilities of Linux. 32-Bit vs 64-Bit Architecture The terms 32-bit and 64-bit architecture refer to way that processors handle data. In a 32-bit architecture, processor can handle data in 32-bit chunks, while in a 64-bit architecture, processor can ... Read More

As technology becomes increasingly integrated into our daily lives, security concerns continue to grow. It's more important than ever to ensure that our data is secure and protected from cybercriminals. One way to help protect data is to use a hash function. SHA-256 is one such hash function that can be used to create a unique digital fingerprint for data. In this article, we'll explore how to generate an SHA-256 hash from command line. What is SHA-256? SHA-256 is a cryptographic hash function that takes input data and produces a fixed-length output, or hash, of 256 bits. function is designed ... Read More

Introduction to iptables Iptables is a Linux-based firewall application that controls incoming and outgoing traffic. It is a powerful tool that can be used to secure a server, limit access to specific applications or services, and mitigate risk of malicious attacks. This article will provide an introduction to iptables, its purpose, and its basic usage. What is iptables? Iptables is a firewall application that works with Linux kernel. It controls incoming and outgoing traffic and provides a mechanism to filter, block, or allow traffic based on various criteria, such as port number, IP address, protocol, and more. Iptables is designed ... Read More

As a Linux user, you might have come across a situation where you ran out of disk space, but you are not sure where all space has gone. It can be frustrating, but fortunately, there are several tools and techniques you can use to track down where disk space has gone on Linux. In this article, we will cover following sub-headings to help you identify where your disk space has gone − Check Disk Usage The first thing to do is to check disk usage of your system. Linux has several command-line tools that can help you do that. most ... Read More

Linux is a popular operating system that is widely used for its open-source nature and flexibility. Linux command line interface (CLI) is a powerful tool that allows users to control and manipulate their system. One of most commonly used commands in Linux CLI is "opt." In this article, we will explore what opt means in Linux, and how it can be used to optimize your system. What is opt in Linux? The opt command is a command-line option that is used to modify behavior of a command or utility. It is used to specify optional arguments that may or may ... Read More

Introduction If you are familiar with command line interface, you have probably encountered a double-dash (--) in some of commands you use. This article seeks to explain what double-dash means and how it affects behavior of shell commands. What is a Double-Dash in Shell Commands? A double-dash is a syntax used in shell commands to signify end of command options and beginning of positional arguments. In other words, it separates command options from arguments that command operates on. Many shell commands allow you to specify options or flags that modify behavior of command. For example, ls command allows you to ... Read More

Introduction In Linux, files are often used to store data that is either created by a program or generated by user. It is common for users to append new lines of data to existing files rather than creating new ones from scratch. This article will explain how to append lines to a file in Linux, including several subheadings and examples. Using echo command The easiest way to append new lines to a file is by using echo command. echo command allows you to display a message on screen, but it can also redirect message to a file. Here's how to ... Read More

Introduction When it comes to managing files and directories in any operating system, being able to list all files in a directory is an essential task. However, it becomes a bit more complicated when you need to recursively list all files in a directory, including symlinks. This is particularly important for developers and system administrators who work with large, complex file systems. In this article, we will cover how to recursively list all files in a directory, including symlinks, with examples and subheadings. What is a symlink? A symlink, also known as a symbolic link or soft link, is a ... Read More