With Java 9, new factory methods are added to Set interface to create immutable instances. These factory methods are convenience factory methods to create a collection in less verbose and in concise way.Old way to create collectionsExampleimport java.util.Collections; import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Set; public class Tester {    public static void main(String []args) {       Set set = new HashSet();       set.add("A");       set.add("B");       set.add("C");       Set readOnlySet = Collections.unmodifiableSet(set);       System.out.println(readOnlySet);       try {          readOnlySet.remove(0);       ... Read More

With Java 9, new factory methods are added to Map interface to create immutable instances. These factory methods are convenience factory methods to create a collection in less verbose and in concise way.Old way to create collectionsExampleimport java.util.Collections; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; public class Tester {    public static void main(String []args) {       Map map = new HashMap();       map.put("A", "Apple");       map.put("B", "Boy");       map.put("C", "Cat");       Map readOnlyMap = Collections.unmodifiableMap(map);       System.out.println(readOnlyMap);       try {          readOnlyMap.remove(0); ... Read More

With Java 9, new factory methods are added to List interface to create immutable instances. These factory methods are convenience factory methods to create a collection in less verbose and in concise way.Old way to create collectionsExampleimport java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; public class Tester {    public static void main(String []args) {       List list = new ArrayList();       list.add("A");       list.add("B");       list.add("C");       List readOnlylist = Collections.unmodifiableList(list);       System.out.println(readOnlylist);       try {          readOnlylist.remove(0);       ... Read More

Externalization is used whenever we need to customize serialization mechanism. If a class implements an Externalizable interface then, object serialization will be done using writeExternal() method. Whereas at receiver's end when an Externalizable object is a reconstructed instance will be created using no argument constructor and then the readExternal() method is called.If a class implements only Serializable interface object serialization will be done using ObjectoutputStream. At the receiver's end, the serializable object is reconstructed using ObjectInputStream.Below example showcases usage of Externalizable interface.Exampleimport java.io.Externalizable; import java.io.FileInputStream; import java.io.FileOutputStream; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.ObjectInput; import java.io.ObjectInputStream; import java.io.ObjectOutput; import java.io.ObjectOutputStream; public class ... Read More

Runtime Polymorphism in Java is achieved by Method overriding in which a child class overrides a method in its parent. An overridden method is essentially hidden in the parent class, and is not invoked unless the child class uses the super keyword within the overriding method. This method call resolution happens at runtime and is termed as Dynamic method dispatch mechanism.ExampleLet us look at an example.class Animal {    public void move() {       System.out.println("Animals can move");    } } class Dog extends Animal {    public void move() {       System.out.println("Dogs can walk and ... Read More

We can download a web page using its URL in Java. Following are the steps needed.Create URL object using url string.Download webpage in JavaCreate a BufferReader object using url.openStream() method.BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(url.openStream()));Create a BufferWriter object to write to a file.BufferedWriter writer = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("page.html"));Read each line using BufferReader and write using BufferWriter.String line; while ((line = reader.readLine()) != null) { writer.write(line); }Following is the complete program to download a given URL page at current location.import java.io.BufferedReader; import java.io.BufferedWriter; import java.io.FileWriter; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.InputStreamReader; import java.net.URL; public class Tester {    public static void main(String ... Read More

Double braces can be used to create and initialize objects in a single Java expression. See the example below −Exampleimport java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; public class Tester{    public static void main(String args[]) {       List list = new ArrayList();       list.add("A");       list.add("B");       list.add("C");       list.add("D");       list.add("E");       list.add("F");       System.out.println(list);       List list1 = new ArrayList() {       {          add("A"); add("B");add("C");          add("D");add("E");add("F");       ... Read More

Forward declarations means the declaration of a method or variable prior to its implementation. Such declaration is necessary in C/C++ programming language in order to be able to use a variable or object before its implementation. In case, if we want to use a library code, then we need to create its header file and use it. But this is not a case in Java.Java allows using a variable, class prior to its declaration and implementation.Java allows using libraries code without any need of header files.Following example showcases the same. Here we have used a class object before its declaration.Examplepublic ... Read More

Following are the different ways to handle exception messages in Java.Using printStackTrace() method − It print the name of the exception, description and complete stack trace including the line where exception occurred.catch(Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); }Using toString() method − It prints the name and description of the exception.catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e.toString()); }Using getMessage() method − Mostly used. It prints the description of the exception.catch(Exception e) { System.out.println(e.getMessage()); }Exampleimport java.io.Serializable; public class Tester implements Serializable, Cloneable {    public static void main(String args[]) {       try {          int a = 0;     ... Read More

Following are the different ways to convert an Integer to String in Java.Using Integer.toString(int) − Convert an int to String using static toString() method of Integer class.String b = Integer.toString(125);Using String.valueOf(int) − Convert an int to String using static valueOf() method of String class.String b = String.valueOf(125);Using new Integer(int).toString() − Convert an int to String using toString() method of Integer object.String b = new Integer(125).toString();Using DecimalFormat(pattern).format(int) − Convert an int to String using DecimalFormat.format() method.String b = new DecimalFormat("#").format(125);Using StringBuilder().toString() − Convert an int to String using StringBuilder.toString() method.String b = new StringBuilder().append(125).toString();Using StringBuffer().toString() − Convert an int to String ... Read More