Let us understand what the domain name system (DNS) is.Domain Name SystemAll the web servers connected to the internet have a unique IP address in textual form. Now, the process of translating the textual form into an IP address is called DNS or DOMAIN NAME SERVICE name resolution.Theoretically during the name resolution process the program that wishes for the name translation contacts a DNS server that returns the translated IP address, but in reality the entire translation may not occur at a single DNS server, rather the DNS server contacted first will recursively call upon other DNS servers to complete ... Read More

The main difference between domain and domain name server (DNS) is that the domain could be a piece of string that helps to spot a specific web site while the DNS (Domain Name System) could be a server that translates the domain to the corresponding ip address to supply the specified webpage.There are several websites on the globe Wide internet (WWW) as well as education, e-commerce, government, and entertainment sites. It’s necessary for every website to have its own website name. It helps to spot the web site.The domain is exclusive to a specific user and others cannot use that ... Read More

The acronym for Domain Name System is DNS. It is a naming system that works hierarchically and is decentralized for computers, servers (web servers), services, resources, network devices and components that are present on large networks such as the public Internet.For example, in layman terms, it is a phonebook for computers on the Internet.It translates and maps alphabetic domain names (websites' web addresses or names) to the numeric Internet Protocol (IP) addresses of computers or servers. And it also does the reverse process. DNS uses User Datagram Protocol (UDP). DNS service uses port number 53.Technically, computers or technically the routers ... Read More

When a program present in one computer wants to request something from another program which is running on another computer in a different network, then the protocol that the program may use is called Remote Procedure Call.By using this protocol, the program doesn't have a need to know the network details.Applications of RPCSome of the applications of RPC are as follows −Active Directory service in windows uses this protocol.Most of the MMC terminals also use this protocol.Many of the DCOM components are based on RPC.Some utilities such as "Windows Computer Management", "registry editor", etc let us contact a remote system. ... Read More

Remote Procedure call (RPC) is the type of call which is used to access the programs from the network services.When a computer program is to access or need to be executed from another service network instead of sending and receiving from that network the call has been taken up by the server itself to take that call and access that program in that network service only, without the help of any programmer from any remote location. This all helps in making the local procedure call to be taken up by the server from any remote location.When the remote call is ... Read More

The reduction in the quality of service that occurs when a network node or a link carries more data than it can handle is called “Network Congestion”. The congestion in the network can lead to effects like packet loss or even blocking of new connections.Therefore, Congestion in networks can be defined as, “A state that occurs in network layers because of the heavy message traffic that results in slowing down the network response time is called congestion”.Effects of CongestionFollowing are the effects of Congestion −Because of the increase in the response time, the overall performance is reduced.Also, in worst situations, ... Read More

The reduction in the quality of service that occurs when a network node or a link carries more data than it can handle is called “Network Congestion”. The congestion in the network can lead to effects like packet loss or even blocking of new connections.Therefore, congestion in networks can be defined as, “A state that occurs in network layers because of the heavy message traffic that results in slowing down the network response time is called congestion”.Effects of CongestionFollowing are the effects of Congestion −Because of the increase in the response time, the overall performance is reduced.Also, in worst situations, ... Read More

The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new transport protocol at the same layer as TCP and UDP. It provides functions for association management, sequence delivery, message chunk building, packet validation, and path management. SCTP is a new reliable, message-oriented transport layer protocol. It is mostly designed for Internet applications that have recently been introduced.These new applications such as IUA (ISDN over IP), M2UA and M3UA (Telephony Signalling), H.248 (Media Gateway Control), H.323 (IP telephony), and SIP (IP Telephony), need a more sophisticated service than TCP can provide.Stream Control Transmission ProtocolIt is a transport layer protocol and is used ... Read More

The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a transport layer protocol defined for use with the IP network layer protocol. UDP does not provide any reliability.ExplanationLet us see the explanation of UDP in a stepwise manner.Step 1 − For example, it does not transmit any lost packets. Often, this is the main reason to consider UDP as a transport.Step 2 − Applications that do require reliable message delivery therefore need to implement appropriate protocol mechanisms in their application.Step 3 − UDP's best effort service does not protect against datagram duplication i.e an application may receive multiple copies of UDP datagram.Step 4 ... Read More

Internet protocol version 6(IPv6) allows data transfer to take place over the network. The need for IPv6 arises as this protocol can handle the packets more efficiently which thereby improve the performance and security. Most importantly it enables the service providers to reduce the size of their routing tables.Representation of IPv6IPv6 consists of 128 bits which are represented by eight groups of hexadecimal digits out of which each group is represented by 16 bits that are separated by colons.Example of IPv6 address2002:0db6:65a3:0000:0000:6a2e:0270:7443Types of IPv6They are broadly classified into three types namely −Unicast − From the name uni it’s so obvious ... Read More