A protocol is a set of rules and standards that primarily outline a language that devices will use to communicate. There are an excellent range of protocols in use extensively in networking, and that they are usually implemented in numerous layers.It provides a communication service where the process is used to exchange the messages. When the communication is simple, we can use only one simple protocol.When the communication is complex, we must divide the task between different layers, so, we need to follow a protocol at each layer, this technique we used to call protocol layering. This layering allows us ... Read More

Switching is a technique of transferring the information from one computer network to another computer network.Let us discuss about switching in step by step manner as follows −Step 1 − In a computer network the switching can be achieved by using switches.Step 2 − A switch is a small piece of hardware device that is used to join multiple computers together with one local area network (LAN).Step 3 − These are devices which are helpful in creating temporary connections between two or more devices that are linked to the switch.Step 4 − Switches are helpful in forwarding the packets based ... Read More

There are two types of microwaves in computer networks. These are as follows −Terrestrial microwaveSatellite microwaveLet us discuss satellite microwaves in detail.Satellite MicrowaveIt is used for broadcasting and receiving signals. The signals are transmitted to space where these satellites are positioned and it retransmits the signal to the appropriate location.It acts as a repeater as it only receives the signal and retransmits it. The satellites should be aligned properly with the earth for this system to work. It is a physical object which revolves around the earth at a known height.Satellite communication is more flexible and reliable nowadays than cable ... Read More

There are two types of microwaves in computer networks. These are as follows −Terrestrial microwaveSatellite microwaveLet us discuss terrestrial microwaves in detail.Terrestrial MicrowaveIt is a technology which transmits the focused beam of a radio signal from one ground-based microwave transmission antenna to another antenna.Microwaves are generally an electromagnetic wave which has the frequency in the range from 1GHz to 1000 GHz.These are unidirectional waves, whereas the sending and receiving antenna is to be aligned which means the antennas are narrowly focused.Here antennas are mounted on the towers to send a beam to another antenna which is present at km away.It ... Read More

When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the full duplex mode of transmission.Full duplex modeIn Full duplex mode, ... Read More

When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the half duplex mode of transmission.Half duplex modeIn a Half-duplex channel, ... Read More

When a data is transmitted from one device to another device is known as transmission mode, it is also known as the communication mode.Generally, the communication channel is a direction associated, and transmission media role is to provide the direction. So, we call transmission mode a directional mode.The transmission mode is work in the physical layer.Types of Transmission modeThe Transmission mode is divided into three categories, which are as follows −Simplex ModeHalf-duplex ModeFull-duplex mode (Duplex Mode)The types of transmission mode are shown in the chart below −Let us see the simplex mode of transmission.Simplex modeIn Simplex mode, the communication is ... Read More

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have the power of distributed communication, computing, and sensing features. They are characterized as infrastructure less, fault tolerant and self-organizing networks which provide opportunities for low-cost, easy-to-apply, rapid and flexible installations in an environment for various applicationsThe wireless sensor and the sensor node architecture are given in the diagram below −Characteristics of WSNThe characteristics of WSN are as follows −Resource constraints − Nodes of WSN are smaller in size and get power from the batteries. It justifies that service provided by the nodes like communication and computation amount of memory is very limited.Communication paradigm − The ... Read More

Local Area networks are of two types − Peer to Peer network and client server network.Let us discuss about client server network −Client/Server NetworkIn client-server network relationships, certain computers act as servers and others act as clients.A server is simply a computer that provides the network resources and provides service to other computers when they request it. A client is the computer running a program that requests the service from a server. Local area network (LAN) is based on client server network relationship.A client-server network is one on which all available network resources such as files, directories, applications and shared ... Read More

TLS (Transport layer security) is the successor or the updated version of SSL and the basic process of securing the network by both is more or less the same.Transport Layer Security (TLS)/Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) are computer networking protocols for securing connections between network application clients and servers over an insecure network. These protocols provide a mechanism for encrypting and authenticating data sent between client and server.SSL/TLS layers are responsible for the transport of data between processes and the routing of network traffic over a network between client and server, and below application layer protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol ... Read More