Metro Ethernet is a type of network that provides point to point or multi-point connections over a MAN (metropolitan area network). The maximum throughput for this network is 10gbps.The disadvantages consist of latency, small upload speeds and high packet loss.Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) is an organization which is a non-profit that seeks to accelerate the use of carrier class Ethernet networks and services worldwide. This organization is made up of leading service providers, local exchange carriers, test equipment vendors, network equipment vendors and other networking companies which share an interest in the organization's goal.Metro Ethernet Forum basically provides two types ... Read More

Let's try to understand what reliability challenges for computer networks are.This can be defined as packet loss, bandwidth saturation, and latency, but this type of information would be really unhelpful to those IT companies whose networks are small, and failures not well under- stood & might be limited to rebooting.Five reliability challengesThe reliability challenges for a computer network are as follows −Host IdentificationThe Host ID is the portion of an IP address that uniquely identifies a host on a given TCP/IP network.The smaller networks can be easily configured with the help of manual addressing, but it becomes a serious problem ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of Wi-Fi and Zigbee.Wi-FiIt is a wireless networking protocol that allows devices to communicate without internet cords. It's technically an industry term that represents a type of wireless local area network (LAN) protocol based on the 802.11IEEE network standard.Wi-Fi is the most popular means of communicating data wireless, within a fixed location.We can find Wi-Fi in the following:Schools, Homes and CollegesCorporate places and Private/Public FirmsRailway/Metro stationsSupermarkets where customers can pay onlineNear restaurants, coffee shops, dine placesThe ZigBee protocolIt is used in the IEEE 802.15 standards and adds the network security as well as framework protocol. ... Read More

Let us see the detailed analysis and assessment of OSI and TCP/IP protocols.TCP/IPIt is a suite of communication protocols which is used to interconnect network devices on the internet. The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is also used as a communication protocol in a private network.The entire internet protocol suite is a set of rules and procedures by providing end-to-end communications which identify how it should be broken into packets addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination.It is defined to make networks reliable, with the ability to recover automatically from the failure of any device on the network.History of ... Read More

Skype is a Microsoft product which offers free video and audio calling which is also having the ability to call landlines and smartphones with paid services anywhere in the world. It has a first mover advantage. It came into existence before the Facebook messenger.Facebook Messenger allows users to play in-app games, make video and audio calls along with sending or receiving payments. It is tied up with the social media platform. It is not a paid service. It is free of cost.DifferencesThe major differences between Skype and Facebook Messenger −SkypeFacebook MessengerSkype doesn’t have stories and it makes a professional feel. ... Read More

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) works in the network layer of the OSI model and the internet layer of the TCP/IP model. It is used to send control messages to network devices and hosts. Routers and other network devices monitor the operation of the network. When an error occurs, these devices send a message using ICMP. Messages that can be sent include "destination unreachable", "time exceeded", and "echo requests".ICMP is a network layer protocol.ICMP messages are not passed directly to the data link layer. The message is first encapsulated inside the IP datagram before going to the lower layer.Types of ... Read More

A firewall is a network security device; it is a protective layer for the server that monitors and filters all the incoming and outgoing network traffic. It uses a set of rules to determine whether to allow or block a specific network traffic. Firewalls can prevent unauthorized use before reaching the servers. Firewalls can be hardware or software-based.Firewall PoliciesTo protect private networks and individual machines, a firewall can be employed to filter incoming or outgoing traffic based on a predefined set of rules known as firewall policies.Packet flowing through a firewall can have one of the following three outcomes −Accepted ... Read More

Circuit Switching is a connection-oriented service that uses a dedicated path from the sender to the receiver. Before sending any data from the source to the destination, it needs to set up an end-to-end path.Circuit switching has the minimum chance of data loss due to the dedicated circuit path, but a lot of bandwidth is wasted as a path cannot be used by other senders during a congestion.Three Phases of Circuit SwitchingFollowing are the three phases of circuit switching −Circuit Establishment − A dedicated circuit is established between the two end-devices or from the source to the destination using the ... Read More

Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) headers is the next generation of the internet protocol designed to replace the current version, or Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). IPv6 fixes many problems in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses.IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; an address space is large enough to last for the predictable future. IPv6 added many improvements to IPv4 in areas such as routing and network auto-configuration.IPv6 is a progressive step from IPv4, some IPv4 functions that do not work were removed from IPv6.IPv6 is an Internet Protocol for packet-switched internetworking; it provides end-to-end datagram transmission across ... Read More

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is developed by the International Standard Organization. It is a layered framework for the design of network systems that allows communication between all types of computer systems. Its primary purpose is to provide a set of structural guidelines for exchanging information between computers, workstations, and networks.The Seven Layers of OSI ModelLayers No.Layers NameFunctionLayer 1Physical LayerTransmission method used to propagate bits through a networkLayer 2Data Link LayerFrame formatting for transmitting data across a physical communication line.Layer 3Network LayerNetwork addressing and packet transmission on the network.Layer 4Transport LayerData tracking as it moves through a network.Layer 5Session ... Read More