Inside the computer system the memory hierarchy is arranged from fastest to the slowest as given below −RegistersCaches memoryMain or Primary MemorySecondary MemoryThe memory hierarchy is depicted in the diagram given below −Let us discuss about each memory in detail.RegisterRegisters are very high speed memory, which is present inside the CPU. It is a temporary storage device that means it stores the data temporarily. Generally, they create a general purpose register file to store data. The register file capacity is 32 data words, and each register can be read or written from within a single clock cycle.Cache MemoryThe cache memory ... Read More

The level hierarchy of a computer system consists of different levels that connect the computer with the user which makes the use of the computer. It also explains how the computational activities are performed on the computer.The different levels of computer system level hierarchy are as follows −Level 0 − Digital Logic.Level 1 − Micro architectural level.Level 2 − Instruction set architecture.Level 3 − Operating system.Level 4 − Assembly language.Level 5 − High level language.Level 6 − User oriented.The figure given below depicts these levels −Computer System Level HierarchyLet us discuss about each level hierarchy in detail −Level 0 − ... Read More

The Windows Operating System is one of the most used Operating Systems in the world. It is known for its user-friendliness, interactive and simple user interface. There are certain issues with the windows operating system that need to be resolved in order to improve its performance even further.Some of these factors and the areas of improvement are discussed in brief down below −As the system gets older, it gets slower and the rebooting takes a lot of time.Most of the time the system is running out of space to install an update, so in order to deal with it. We ... Read More

Operating systems allow user application applications to interact with the system hardware. The operating system itself does not provide any functionality but provides a situation where various programs and systems can perform useful functions.It is software which handles the computer's functionality like scheduling, input/output operation resource allocation, files system manipulation, etc and also acts as an interface between the User and hardware.System views can be improved using a new GUI and adding new features to the OS which will result in a better user experience.The operating system is observed from the user point of view or system point of view.Let ... Read More

An operating system allows the user application programs to interact with the system hardware. Operating systems provide an atmosphere where different applications and programs can do useful work, but it does not provide any function by itself.The operating system is observed from the user point of view or system point of view.Let us discuss how an operating system is observed from a user point of view.User ViewThe user view depends on the system interface. The different types of user view experiences are explained as follows −Suppose if the user is using a personal computer, the operating system is designed to ... Read More

Computer structure is the way that each component is arranged so that communication is possible.The structure of a computer is simple, and that can be represented in below diagram −Parts of ComputerThe computer structure in general, divided into five main parts, which are as follows −Input devicesOutput devicesI / O PortsCPU andMemoryLet us discuss each component in detail.Input DeviceAn input device is a computer hardware which handles input receiving from outside the system. The main function of the input device is to enter data or give commands by the user into the system.For example, the input devices are keyboards, mouse, ... Read More

The operating system is software which handles the computer's functionality like scheduling, input/output operation resource allocation, file system manipulation, etc.It acts as an interface between the computer hardware and the user.Operating Systems ServicesThe services offered by the operating system are as follows −Input/Output operationResource allocationFile system manipulationUser interfaceProgram executionCommunicationSecurityThe two main roles of the operating system are −Resource ManagementSecurityAll the resources like Input/Output device, Memory, Processor, Device, and File are managed by the operating system.The operating system is responsible for any unauthorized access to the computer data or program or software. This security feature of the operating system protects the ... Read More

Operating systems work as an interface between the user and the computer hardware. OS is the software which performs the basic tasks like input, output, disk management, controlling peripherals etc. Windows, Linux etc are some examples of operating systems. Operating System Evolution  Operating system is divided into four generations, which are explained as follows − First Generation (1945-1955) It is the beginning of the development of electronic computing systems which are substitutes for mechanical computing systems. Because of the drawbacks in mechanical computing systems like, the speed of humans to calculate is limited and humans can easily make mistakes. In ... Read More

The main operation performed by operating system is to carries out is the allocation of resources and services, such as allocation of the following −MemoryDevicesProcessorsInformationThe operating system includes programs that are helpful to manage these resources, such as a traffic controller, a scheduler, memory management module, I/O programs, and a file system.Functions of Operating SystemsLet us discuss the function of the operating system (OS) in detail.SecurityThe operating system uses a password protection to protect user data it also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data, but for external functionality we need to install malware software to protect the system.Control ... Read More

A computer has several modules, with possibly more than one instance of each.The system hardware consists of the following −KeyboardDisplayPrinterCPU BoardMemory BoardI/O BoardThe keyboard, display and printing devices need an interface so that it interacts with the system and the I/O board provides that interface for communication, that interacts is a system bus.The figure given below is of the computer hardware−Processor/CPUIt is the heart of the computer that controls the operations of the computer and also performs the data processing functions.CPU performs the operations like exchanging data with memory with the help of memory address register and memory buffer register.CPU ... Read More