Kernel is the main part of an Operating System. It is the first program that is loaded after the boot loader whenever we start a system. The Kernel is present in the memory until the Operating System is shut-down.Kernel provides an interface between the user and the hardware components of the system. Whenever a process makes a request to the Kernel, then it is called System Call.Functions of KernelThe functions of the kernel are as follows −Process managementAccess computer resourcesDevice managementMemory managementInterrupt handlingI/O communicationTypes of KernelsThe different types of kernels are as follows −Monolithic kernel.Micro kernel.Hybrid kernel.Nano kernel.Exo kernelNow let ... Read More

Kernel is the main part of an Operating System. It is the first program that is loaded after the boot loader whenever we start a system. The Kernel is present in the memory until the Operating System is shut-down.Kernel provides an interface between the user and the hardware components of the system. Whenever a process makes a request to the Kernel, then it is called System Call.Functions of KernelThe functions of the kernel are as follows −Process managementAccess computer resourcesDevice managementMemory managementInterrupt handlingI/O communicationTypes of KernelsThe different types of kernels are as follows −Monolithic kernel.Micro kernel.Hybrid kernel.Nano kernel.Exo kernelNow let ... Read More

The operating system is needed to design and implement because without proper design and implementation any system cannot work properly, for every aspect or for any development a proper design and implementation should be necessary so that it can work in good manner and we can easily debug if any failures occur.So, design and implementation is a necessary part of an operating system and this technique can be used by every user who uses a computer.There are different types of techniques to design and implement the operating system.Design goalsMechanismImplementationLet us discuss each technique in detail.Design goalsLet us understand the features ... Read More

To begin with, let us understand the advantages and disadvantages of MS-DOS Operating System.MS-DOS Operating systemAdvantagesThe advantages of MS-DOS Operating System are as follows −MS-DOS is a lightweight system and it allows direct access to all hardware with the help of the command line.This operating system is very lightweight.It also does not support multitasking therefore there is less overhead and less latency.MS_DOS boots the system faster than any other operating system.DisadvantagesThe disadvantages of MS-DOS Operating System are as follows −It has a command line user interface therefore it is very less user friendly.Very few applications are supported in DOS.It is ... Read More

In an operating system a user is able to use different types of system programs and the system program is responsible for all the application software performance of the computer.The system programs are responsible for the development and execution of a program and they can be used by the help of system calls because system calls define different types of system programs for different tasks.File management − These programs create, delete, copy, rename, print, exit and generally manipulate the files and directory.Status information − It is the information regarding input, output process, storage and the CPU utilization time how the ... Read More

The design goals in operating system are as follows −Concurrent SystemsOperating systems must handle multiple devices as well as multiple users concurrently. It is a must for modern multiple core architectures. Due to these features the design of the operating system is complex and very difficult to make.Security and PrivacyOperating systems must provide security and privacy to a system. It is important to prevent the malicious user from accessing your system and to prevent the stealing of the user programs.Resource SharingOperating system ensures that the resources of the system must be shared in a correct fashion in between multiple user ... Read More

In computers there are different types of computing technologies and all are different from each other. By using this we are finding output based on the input given by the user.In a computing environment the user can use a particular computing technology and it is responsible for all the types of input and output given by the computer.The different numbers of computing technologies that are used in OS are as follows −Traditional computingIn traditional computing the user can use a traditional method like static memory allocation and it is mainly useful in single user operating systems.In this technique there will ... Read More

Most of the commercial systems do not have a well-defined structure, Operating systems are small, simple and limited systems. MS-DOS is a simple structure of operating system only limited users can use operating system for a particular purpose.ExampleMS-DOSGiven below is the diagram of MS-DOS −The above simple structure of the OS is generally used for desktop computers and here the user is able to use different operations on this type of OS.Interfaces and levels of functionality are not well separated. Application programs are able to access I/O routines to write directly to the display and disk drivers.So, MS-DOS is vulnerable ... Read More

The differences between programmed (Input/Output) I/O and interrupt-driven I/O are as follows −Programmed I/OThis I/O technique is the simplest to exchange data between external devices and processors. In this technique, the processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) runs or executes a program giving direct control of I/O operations.Processor issues a command to the I/O module and waits for the operation to complete. Also, the processor keeps checking the I/O module status until it finds the completion of the operation.The processor's time is wasted, in case the processor is faster than the I/O module. Its module is considered to be a ... Read More

Before discussing about the services provided by operating system with multiple users, let us recall the services that operating system itself provides what services −Operating system servicesAn operating system provides services to programs and to the users also. It mainly provides the environment for programs to execute and makes the programming task easier.Common servicesThe common services are as follows −Program executionOperating system loads the program into CPU memory for execution and it is able to end its execution either normally or abnormally.I/O operationOperating system provides any I/O devices that are required for the program.File system manipulationPrograms need to modify the ... Read More