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Articles on Trending Technologies
Technical articles with clear explanations and examples
Multiple Granularity Locking in DBMS
Multiple granularity locking provides different levels of locks for different database objects − from the entire database down to individual records. This maximizes concurrency while maintaining consistency. Granularity Hierarchy Database Area 1 Area 2 File 1 File 2 File 3 File 4 R1 ...
Read MoreMultilevel Indexes
In RDBMS, indexes are data structures that speed up data retrieval by reducing disk accesses. As databases grow, single-level indexes become too large for main memory. Multilevel indexes solve this by dividing the index into a hierarchy of smaller, manageable blocks. Index Components Search Key Sorted primary/candidate key points to Data Reference Pointer to disk ...
Read MoreMulti-tier architecture of Data Warehouse
A data warehouse is a central repository that consolidates data from multiple sources into a format optimized for analysis and decision-making. To handle the complexity and volume of data efficiently, data warehouses use a multi-tier architecture where each layer performs a specific function. Multi-tier Architecture Layers Data Sources DBs, Files, External APIs ...
Read MoreMOSS Concurrency Control Protocol (Distributed Locking in Database)
The MOSS (Multi-Object Synchronized Scheduling) Concurrency Control Protocol manages concurrency in distributed database systems by handling hierarchical transactions with parent-child relationships and lock inheritance. Distributed Locking Types Optimistic locking − No locks acquired upfront; conflicts detected at commit time. Pessimistic locking − Locks acquired before accessing shared resources; conflicts prevented from the start. MOSS Protocol MOSS is a hierarchical locking protocol for nested transactions where subtransactions can inherit locks from ancestors ? ...
Read MoreModeling of UNION Types Using Categories
In DBMS, superclass/subclass relationships typically involve a single superclass. However, a union type or category represents a subclass that is a subset of the UNION of multiple distinct superclass entity types. Example: Vehicle Owner Category Consider a motor vehicle registration database with three entity types: PERSON, BANK, and COMPANY. A vehicle owner can be any one of these. We create a category called OWNER that represents the union of all three ? PERSON BANK COMPANY ...
Read MoreModel Planning for Data Analytics
Model planning is the process of selecting the right analytical models and techniques to analyze data effectively. It is a critical step in data analytics that ensures accurate, actionable insights for business decisions. Data Analytics Process Collection Raw sources Preparation Clean, validate Modeling Select model ...
Read MoreMethodologies of Large Scale Distributed Systems
Large-scale distributed systems handle massive data volumes, many concurrent users, and demanding performance requirements. Building them requires methodologies that help developers efficiently manage complexity, scalability, and fault tolerance. Companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook use these systems extensively. Architecture of Distributed Systems Distributed systems consist of multiple nodes connected via a network, each running part of the distributed software. Understanding domain requirements, security, compliance, and future integrations is critical from the start. Node 1 Node 2 Node 3 ...
Read MoreMigrating Amazon RDS from one Region to another
Amazon RDS (Relational Database Service) is a fully-managed tool for maintaining databases. Migrating an RDS database from one region to another involves creating a snapshot, copying it to the target region, and restoring a new instance from it. Source (us-east-1) RDS Instance DB Snapshot Copy Snapshot ...
Read MoreHow do Document Databases Work?
Document databases are a type of NoSQL database that store data as documents (typically JSON or BSON) instead of rows and columns. Each document is a self-contained unit with flexible structure, making them more adaptable than relational databases for evolving data models. Relational (Tables) ID Name Age Fixed rows & columns vs Document (JSON) {"name":"John", ...
Read MoreDifference between NoSQL and RDBMS
RDBMS stores data in structured tables with fixed schemas using SQL. NoSQL is a non-relational approach with flexible schemas, designed for large-scale distributed data. Companies like Amazon, Facebook, and Google pioneered NoSQL to handle massive data volumes that traditional RDBMS struggled with. RDBMS ID Name Age Fixed Schema | Vertical Scaling vs NoSQL ...
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