Found 1006 Articles for Electronics & Electrical

Digital electronics is branch of electronics which deals with digital signals to accomplish the tasks. The digital signals are the signals which are represented using the binary language, i.e., 0’s and 1’s.The digital circuits are implemented using logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR which can perform logical operations.Digital Circuit DefinitionA circuit implemented using a number of logic gate and takes the input in the binary form (0’s and 1’s) is called as Digital Circuit.Types of Digital CircuitsCombinational Digital CircuitsSequential Digital CircuitsDigital Logic GatesA logic gate is an electronic component that is implemented using a Boolean ... Read More

A diac is a two-terminal, three-layer, bidirectional device which can be switched from OFF state to ON state for both positive and negative polarity of the supply voltage.Constructional Details of the DiacThe basic structure of a Diac is similar to a BJT transistor. The only difference is that there is no base terminal in case of Diac.The terminals of the diac are taken from the two p-regions of silicon that are separated by an n-region. The concentrations are identical in all layers to give the device symmetrical properties.V – Characteristics of DiacFrom I-V Characteristics of a Diac, for the applied ... Read More

In practice, a rectifier is used to produce pure DC supply in electronic circuits. But the output of a rectifier is not pure DC, it has pulsations, i.e., it contains AC and DC components. The AC component is undesirable and must be removed. For this, a filter circuit is used."A Filter Circuit is a circuit which removes the ac component from the output of rectifier and produces the pure dc output across the load."The filter circuit should be placed between the rectifier and the load.A filter circuit is basically a combination capacitors (C) and inductors (L). A capacitor allows the ... Read More

A Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) is a three-terminal device which consists of two pn-junctions formed by sandwiching either p-type or n-type semiconductor material between a pair of opposite type semiconductors.The primary function of BJT is to increase the strength of a weak signal, i.e., it acts as an amplifier. A BJT can also be used as a solid state switch in electronic circuits.Types of BJTThere are two types of BJTs −NPN TransistorPNP TransistorIn this article, we will discuss in detail the working principle of both these types of BJTs.NPN TransistorAn npn-transistor is composed of two n-type semiconductor materials which are ... Read More

Half Wave Rectifier is a diode circuit which is used to transform Alternating Voltage (AC Supply) to Direct Voltage (DC Supply). A single diode is used in the HWR circuit for the transformation of AC to DC. Half Wave Rectifier circuit allows the one – half cycle of the AC Supply waveform to pass and blocks the other half cycle. Half Wave Rectifier Circuit Diagram The circuit of HWR consists of following three main components − A Diode A Transformer A Load (may be a Resistance) Working of HWR Circuit Positive ... Read More

Tag identification layer of Electronic Product Code (EPC) Gen 2 lays down the method by which the readers can receive the identifiers from the tags. EPC Gen 2 (second generation) RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) network has two main components, tags and readers. RFID tags are affixed on objects with EPC encoded on them for identification. EPC helps to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them. Readers are the intelligent part of the system that tracks the tags. The tag identification layer addresses the multiple access problem of getting messages from unknown number of tags.Working PrincipleIn ... Read More

Backscatter is a method that uses an incident radio-frequency (RF) signal to transmit data without a battery or power source. It employs passive reflection and modulation of the incoming RF signal, and converts it into tens or hundreds of microwatts of electricity, that can be encoded for data communications.It differs from other wireless communications since the communication is half duplex in nature, i.e. both the sender and receiver cannot transmit simultaneously. The mains advantage of backscattering is that it’s low energy requirements and low complexity of deployment.Architecture of backscatter communicationsA basic backscatter communication system has two main components: tags, and ... Read More

Physical layer of Electronic Product Code (EPC) Gen 2 defines method of transmission of bits across the network. EPC is a universal identifier encoded on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them. The second generation of this technology, as laid down by EPCglobal Tag Data Standard, is called EPC Gen 2.EPC Gen 2 RFID network has two main components, tags and readers. Tags are affixed on objects that enables them to be identified or tracked. Readers are the intelligent part of the system that tracks the tags. The physical ... Read More

EPC or Electronic Product Code is a universal identifier that are encoded on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them. The second generation of this technology, as laid down by EPCglobal Tag Data Standard, is called EPC Gen 2.The architecture of EPC Gen 2, RFID network has two main components −Tags or labels − They are affixed on objects so that they can be identified or tracked.Readers or interrogators − They are the intelligent part of the system that tracks the tags.The architecture is shown as below −RFID tags ... Read More

Electronic Product Code (EPC) is a universal identifier that aims to render a unique identity to every possible physical object of the world. EPCs are mostly encoded on RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags that are used to check identities of objects like inventory, assets and people, and track them.EPC is the 96–bit number associated with an RFID tag for identifying a particular tag amongst other tags. It distinguishes two identical products, and also provide the product’s manufacture date, origin or batch number.The EPC structure is laid down by EPCglobal Tag Data Standard, an open standard freely defined by EPCglobal Inc.EPC ... Read More