Found 1006 Articles for Electronics & Electrical

What is an Energy Signal?A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only if its total energy (E) is finite. That means 0 < 𝐸 < ∞. The average power of an energy signal is zero over infinite time (i.e., P = 0). The non-periodic signals are examples of energy signals.Power of an Energy SignalConsider a continuous-time energy signal x(t). The energy of the signal x(t) is finite, i.e., $$\mathrm{E=\int_{-\infty }^{\infty }x^{2}(t)dt=finite\; \; ...(1)}$$Hence, the power of the signal x(t) is, $$\mathrm{P=\lim_{T\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{2T}\int_{-T}^{T}x^{2}(t)dt}$$ $$\mathrm{\Rightarrow P=\lim_{T\rightarrow \infty }\frac{1}{2T}\left [ \lim_{T\rightarrow \infty }\int_{-T}^{T}x^{2}(t)dt \right ]}$$ $$\mathrm{\mathrm{\Rightarrow P=\lim_{T\rightarrow \infty ... Read More

Real Exponential SignalsAn exponential signal or exponential function is a function that literally represents an exponentially increasing or decreasing series.Continuous-Time Real Exponential SignalA real exponential signal which is defined for every instant of time is called continuous time real exponential signal. A continuous time real exponential signal is defined as follows −𝑥(𝑡) = 𝐴𝑒𝛼𝑡Where, A and 𝛼 both are real. Here the parameter A is the amplitude of the exponential signal measured at t = 0 and the parameter 𝛼 can be either positive or negative.Depending upon the value of 𝛼, we obtain different exponential signals as −When 𝛼 = ... Read More

Static SystemA system whose response or output is due to present input alone is known as static system. The static system is also called the memoryless system. For a static or memoryless system, the output of the system at any instant of time (t for continuous-time system or n for discrete-time system) depends only on the input applied at that instant of time (t or n), but not on the past or future values of the input.A purely resistive electrical circuit is an example of static system. Some examples of continuous-time and discrete-time static systems are given below −𝑐(𝑡) = ... Read More

What is Time Scaling?The process of multiplying a constant to the time axis of a signal is known as time scaling of the signal. The time scaling of signal may be time compression or time expansion depending upon the value of the constant or scaling factor. The time scaling operation of signals is very useful when data is to be fed at some rate and is to be taken out at a different rate.Time scaling of continuous-time signalThe time scaling of a continuous time signal x(t) can be accomplished by replacing ‘t’ by ‘𝛼t’ in the function. Mathematically, it is ... Read More

The property of a system which makes the behaviour of the system independent of time is known as time invariance. Time invariance means that the behaviour of the system does not depend on the time at which the input is applied to the system.Time-Invariant SystemIf the input and output characteristics of a system do not change with time, the system is called the time-invariant system.Continuous-time CaseThe time-invariance property of a continuous time system can be tested as follows −Let x(t) is the input and x(t-t0) is the delayed input by t0 units. Then, the output of the system for the ... Read More

An ideal impulse signal is a signal that is zero everywhere but at the origin (t = 0), it is infinitely high. Although, the area of the impulse is finite. The unit impulse signal is the most widely used standard signal used in the analysis of signals and systems.Continuous-Time Unit Impulse SignalThe continuous-time unit impulse signal is denoted by δ(t) and is defined as −$$\mathrm{\delta (t)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1\; \; for\: t=0\ 0\; \; for\:teq 0 \ \end{matrix}\right.}$$Hence, by the definition, the unit impulse signal has zero amplitude everywhere except at t = 0. At the origin (t = 0) the amplitude ... Read More

A signal is defined as a single-valued function of one or more independent variables which contain some information. Examples of signals are electric current and voltage, human speech, etc.Unit Ramp SignalA ramp function or ramp signal is a type of standard signal which starts at 𝑡 = 0 and increases linearly with time. The unit ramp function has unit slop.Continuous-Time Unit Ramp SignalThe continuous-time unit ramp signal is that function which starts at 𝑡 = 0 and increases linearly with time. It is denoted by r(t). Mathematically, the continuous-time unit ramp signal is defined as follows −$$\mathrm{r(t)=\left\{\begin{matrix} 1\; \; for\; ... Read More

What is a Signal?A signal is defined as a single-valued function of one or more independent variables which contain some information. Examples of signals are electric current and voltage, human speech, etc.Unit Step SignalThe step signal or step function is that type of standard signal which exists only for positive time and it is zero for negative time. In other words, a signal x(t) is said to be step signal if and only if it exists for t > 0 and zero for t < 0. The step signal is an important signal used for analysis of many systems.If a ... Read More

What is a Signal?A signal can be defined in one of the following ways −Anything that conveys information can be termed as a signal.A signal can also be defined as a single valued function of one or more independent variables which has some information.A signal may also be defined as any physical quantity that varies with time or any other independent variable.A signal may be represented in time domain or frequency domain. Some common examples of a signal are human speech, electric current, electric voltage, etc.By the definition, a signal can be a function of one or more independent variables ... Read More

When a signal gives the constant acceleration distinction of actual input signal, such a signal is known as parabolic signal or parabolic function. It is also known as unit acceleration signal. The unit parabolic signal starts at t = 0.Continuous-Time Unit Parabolic SignalThe continuous-time unit parabolic signal is a unit parabolic signal which is defined for every instant of positive time. It is denoted by p(t). Mathematically, p(t) is given as, $$\mathrm{p(t)=\left\{\begin{matrix} \frac{t^{2}}{2}\; for\: t\geq 0\ 0\; for\; t< 0\ \end{matrix}\right.}$$Also, $$\mathrm{p(t)=\frac{t^{2}}{2}\;u(t)}$$The graphical representation of the continuous-time parabolic signal p(t) is shown in Figure-1.Discrete-Time Unit Parabolic SignalThe discrete-time unit parabolic ... Read More