Introduction to Electricity Distribution Electricity distribution refers to the process of distributing the electrical power from generating stations to the consumers. In the first step, electricity is distributed to substations from the generating stations through transmission lines by increasing the voltage level to reduce transmission losses. In the second step, the increased level of voltage is stepped down using the transformers and supplied to consumers by the utility companies. In any industry, more than one voltage level is used for different purposes like 415 V, 690 V, 6.6 kV, and 11 kV. There is a process of voltage conversion ... Read More

In electrical power system, electrical earthing is one of the most important concept used to provide safety and protection to both human and equipment. Electrical earthing, also called as grounding, is basically a path of very low-resistance between the electrical equipment/system and the earth surface. The main purpose of electrical earthing in an electrical system is to provide a safe path for leakage electric current to flow into the earth’s conductive surface to reduce the risk of electrical accidents. Therefore, electrical earthing is an efficient and reliable way of protecting electrical equipment, individuals, and premises against electrical faults ... Read More

The automotive industry is undergoing a major revolution in the method we power our vehicle. The hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle (EV) are at the leading position of this revolution. The fundamental difference between hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle is that electric vehicle relies only on electric batteries as energy source, while hybrid electric vehicle uses both fuel and electricity as the energy source. In this article, we will explore the other major differences between hybrid electric vehicle and electric vehicle. But before that let’s briefly get their overview individually. What is a ... Read More

In digital electronics, block coding is a technique of encoding data into a specific format. It is mainly used to detect and correct errors occurred in the information during transmission and storage. This is done by adding a block code of redundant information to the main data. Block coding is mainly employed to create a robust method of data transmission and storage. In the block coding, data is encoded by splitting it into multiple blocks of a fixed size and applying encoding techniques to each of these blocks separately. In block coding, the input data is taken ... Read More

In digital electronics, a D/A converter, also called Digital-to-Analog Converter, is an electronic device that converts digital signal inputs into analog signal outputs. Depending on the polarity of output signals, D/A converters can be classified into two types namely, Unipolar-Output D/A Converters and Bipolar-Output D/A Converters. A unipolar-output D/A converter can produce only positive analog signals as output, whereas a bipolar-output D/A converter can produce both positive and negative analog signals as output. In this tutorial, we will discuss bipolar-output D/A converts, along with their construction, types, working, advantages, and applications. So, let’s start with the basic definition ... Read More

A DAC or Digital to Analog Converter is an electronic circuit that converts a digital input signal into an analog output signal. DACs are essential devices widely used in signal processing and communication systems. A digital to analog converter accepts signal input in the form of binary digits, i.e. 0 and 1 and generates output in the form of a continuous signal. Types of Digital-to-Analog Converters Based on construction and working principle, DACs are mainly classified into the following two types: Binary Weighted Resistor DAC ... Read More

CCD (charge-coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) image sensors are two types of image sensors that are often used in digital cameras, camcorders, and other imaging devices. While both CCD and CMOS are used to capture and transform light into electrical signals, they differ in terms of underlying technology and performance Read this article to find out more about CCD and CMOS and how they are different from each other What is CCD? CCD stands for charge-coupled device. It is an image sensor technology that turns light into electrical signals for digital image capture. CCDs are made up ... Read More

Tuners used in electrical devices to tune in to radio or television broadcasts are classified as analog or digital. A continuous waveform with varying amplitude and frequency is received and processed by an analog tuner. A digital tuner receives and processes a digital signal, which is a discrete signal consisting of 0s and 1s. Read this article to find out more about Analog Tuner and Digital Tuner and how they are different from each other. What are Analog Tuners? An analog tuner is a device that receives and tunes radio or television signals. It works by selecting a frequency from ... Read More

In the world of electricity, Amps and Watts are two important units of measurement. Despite their similarities, they represent various features of electrical energy. Watt (W) is the power measuring unit. It calculates the amount of energy transferred in one unit of time. Amperes (amps) measure the flow of electricity, whereas Watts measure the rate at which that electricity is used. Read this article to find out more about Amps and Watts and how they are different from each other. What is Amps? The ampere, typically abbreviated as "amp, " is a unit of measurement for electric current named for ... Read More

Introduction Information security protects information from disruption, misuse, destruction, disclosure, modification, or unauthorized access. The goal of information security is to protect critical data and privacy both digitally and physically. Information security is abbreviated as InfoSec. The information security adheres to Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability. Confidentiality − Protect information from unauthorized disclosure of sensitive information. Integrity − The data is to be protected from modification or tampering data by intruders which ensures information is accurate. Availability − The information must be accessible in need of any entity, organization, etc. Other characteristics of Information security are authenticity, accountability, and ... Read More