Introduction Breathing is the natural process that involves the inspiration or intake of oxygen and the expiration or removal of carbon dioxide. This process is possible due to the respiratory system that involves the nostrils, pharynx, windpipe or trachea, bronchi and lungs. The trachea further bifurcates to form the right and the left lung. Its contraction and relaxation result in the intake and expel of the air. Right lung The right lung is shorter and wider as compared to the left lung and both perform the function of breathing. Location of the right lung The right lung is present in ... Read More

Introduction Replication and transcription are two different biological processes necessary for the growth and survival of living organisms. Despite the same starting substrate of both processes, DNA (the messenger of genetic information) in both processes yields separate end products. Replication is known to transfer the entire genetic information to its daughter DNA strands to enable cell division while transcription converts the information stored in the DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is intermediate to protein synthesis. This article explains the concept of replication, transcription, and the differences between the two. Replication Replication is the process of making an exact copy ... Read More

Introduction Energy resources are needed to carry out various industrial, household, and transportation activities. There are two kinds of energy sources: Renewable and Non-renewable resources. Considering the benefits of renewable energy sources, their use has been advocated for the past few years. However, they come with their own set of challenges. Find out more about these energy sources, the advantages and disadvantages of each, and the major differences between the two in this article. Renewable resources Renewable resources of energy are those energy sources that cannot be depleted and will be available for use continuously. They are usually considered ... Read More

Introduction Muscle is made up of elastic tissue. Thousands of muscle fibres constitute elastic tissues. These muscles work together with the nerve fibres to do all voluntary and involuntary functions of the body. Depending on the presence of muscle fibres the muscle strength varies. There are three types of muscles skeletal muscle, striated muscles, and smooth muscle. Approximately about 30%- 40% of our body weight is comprised of skeletal muscles. These muscles are connected with the bones and perform a variety of functions. All the voluntary functions of the body are controlled by the skeletal muscles. At the time ... Read More

Introduction The seeds of a plant are one of the most important structures involved in the growth of new plants. The emergence of a plant is dependent upon the successful germination of the seed within the soil. The zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to form an embryo which, under the right conditions has the potential to grow into a complete plant. A typical seed consists of three parts- the seed coat, the embryo and the endosperm. The embryo has the potential to develop into a complete plant, under suitable conditions. A mature seed’s internal structure typically comprises three parts- the embryonic ... Read More

Introduction to transcription In this method transcribes genetic information to RNA from DNA. The ultimate product of this transcription is protein. The DNA is present inside the nucleus of the cells. In managing all the cellular activities within the cells with the help of coding. For the production of proteins, this DNA code is used. DNA that carries information is not directly converted to proteins, it must first be copied to RNA. The reason behind this- the information that carries in the DNA should be destroyed. In DNA transcription, DNA is copied for the production of RNA. To produce a ... Read More

Introduction Plasma is the fluid of blood that bears blood cells from one place to another. It contains ions, sugars, cholesterol, protein, amino acid, organic acid, enzymes and hormones. It plays a vital role in maintaining the concentration of the constituents and accurately functioning for good health. It contains coagulating agents that help in blood clotting at the site of wounds. After clotting, it releases an amber-like fluid called serum. The serum helps to resolve the clot and prevent infections. It lacks blood clotting agents but has a higher variety of biomarkers. This quality makes both plasma and serum eligible ... Read More

Introduction Human body is a coordinated system of complex organs that work in tandem to keep this machinery going. Two such organs are the pharynx and the larynx. The pharynx is the backbone of the respiratory and digestive system while the larynx makes respiration possible. Additionally, it houses the vocal cords of the human body. However, they differ significantly in their structures, anatomy, and mechanisms. Images coming soon Pharynx The pharynx, more commonly known as the throat, serves the dual function of the digestive as well as the respiratory system of the human body. Its main purpose in the body ... Read More

Introduction All living organisms possess organs and organelles. It is most important structurally, biologically, and functionally. There are several types of organs are present in the human body to do specific functions. Basically, organs are the collection of tissues. In advanced animals, organs are grouped into an organ system. Organelles are present inside the cells and they perform various functions. The nucleus is one of the important organelles present in the cytoplasm. It is present in eukaryotic cells and contains genetic materials in the cells. Ribosomes, Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc are the different types of organelles. In this tutorial, we ... Read More

Introduction All living organisms need to be provided with essential nutrients, O and other important substances and other harmful substances should be continuously removed from the body. This is achieved with the help of the circulatory system present in almost all multicellular organisms. Mostly two types of circulatory systems exist namely − Open circulatory system - Blood flows through a large vessel in open spaces. The network of vessels is absent in this system. Closed circulatory system - Blood flows through a defined path with the help of a well-developed vessel system. Features of circulatory system Circulatory ... Read More