Introduction An audit trail, also known as a transaction log, is a record of all changes made to a database in a DBMS (database management system). It is used to track and monitor database activity, identify and troubleshoot issues, and ensure data integrity and security. In this article, we will explore the purpose and benefits of audit trails in DBMS, how they work, and provide real-life and SQL code examples of their implementation and use. What is an audit trail in DBMS? An audit trail is a chronological record of all database transactions, including insertions, updates, and deletions. It captures ... Read More

Hashing is a computation technique in which hashing functions take variable-length data as input and issue a shortened fixed-length data as output. The output data is often called a "Hash Code", "Key", or simply "Hash". The data on which hashing works is called a "Data Bucket". Characteristics of Hashing Technique Hashing techniques come with the following characteristics − The first characteristic is, hashing technique is deterministic. Means, whatever number of times you invoke the function on the same test variable, it delivers the same fixed-length result. The second characteristic is its unidirectional action. There is no way you can ... Read More

Let us understand the concepts of HBase and Cassandra before learning the differences between them.CassandraCassandra has a different infrastructure. Cassandra uses different DBMS along with their infrastructure. When Cassandra uses different DBMS then time complexity will increase.Cassandra supports ordered partitioning. This can lead to row size up to 10 megabytes.In Cassandra, we use seed nodes. These nodes perform inter-cluster communication. Here, we use internal communication. Casandra has lightweight transactions.Cassandra is based on the Jbury shell. But it has a specific Query language. That is CQL, it is modelled after SQL. It is better than HBase in Documentation. It uses the ... Read More

In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, disks are used parallel to enhance the processing performance.Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. Centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle applications that need fast processing.Parallel database systems have great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Parallel processing divides a large task into multiple tasks and each task is performed concurrently on several nodes. This gives a larger task to complete more quickly.Architectural ModelsThere are several architectural models for parallel ... Read More

In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, disks are used parallel to enhance the processing performance. Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. Centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle applications that need fast processing. Parallel database systems have great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Parallel processing divides a large task into multiple tasks and each task is performed concurrently on several nodes. This gives a larger task to complete more quickly. Architectural Models For Parallel Database ... Read More

In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, disks are used parallel to enhance the processing performance. Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. Centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle applications that need fast processing. Parallel database systems have great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Parallel processing divides a large task into multiple tasks and each task is performed concurrently on several nodes. This gives a larger task to complete more quickly. Architectural Models for Parallel DBMS ... Read More

In parallel database system data processing performance is improved by using multiple resources in parallel. In this CPU, disks are used parallel to enhance the processing performance. Operations like data loading and query processing are performed parallel. Centralized and client server database systems are not powerful enough to handle applications that need fast processing. Parallel database systems have great advantages for online transaction processing and decision support applications. Parallel processing divides a large task into multiple tasks and each task is performed concurrently on several nodes. This gives a larger task to complete more quickly. Architectural Models There are several ... Read More

A parallel database is one which involves multiple processors and working in parallel on the database used to provide the services.A parallel database system seeks to improve performance through parallelization of various operations like loading data, building index and evaluating queries parallel systems improve processing and I/O speeds by using multiple CPU’s and disks in parallel.Working of parallel databaseLet us discuss how parallel database works in step by step manner −Step 1 − Parallel processing divides a large task into many smaller tasks and executes the smaller tasks concurrently on several CPU’s and completes it more quickly.Step 2 − The ... Read More

Data Abstraction is a process of hiding unwanted or irrelevant details from the end user. It provides a different view and helps in achieving data independence which is used to enhance the security of data.The database systems consist of complicated data structures and relations. For users to access the data easily, these complications are kept hidden, and only the relevant part of the database is made accessible to the users through data abstraction.Levels of abstraction for DBMSDatabase systems include complex data-structures. In terms of retrieval of data, reduce complexity in terms of usability of users and in order to make ... Read More

Database management system (DBMS) is a software or tool which can be used for managing and maintaining the data within the database.Major Capabilities of DBMSThe major capabilities of DBMS are listed below −Data StorageData RetrievalData UpdateSecurityData IndependenceExplanationGenerally a person has to work with a huge amount of information every day. In order to interact with the large amount of data we need a system where we can store, manipulate, security, sharing the information all over the world. It is a core reason the industries are maintaining database management tools.Powerful Relational DBMSThe relational DBMS is more powerful because of the reasons ... Read More