Hashing is basically a one-way cryptographic function. Because hashes are irreversible, understanding the output of a hashing method does not enable us to regenerate the contents of a file. It enables us to assess whether two files are same without understanding their contents.The use of hashing in information security and internet authentication is a general practice. For instance, it can be used to safely save passwords in a database, but can also provide the security of other element of data such as files and documents.Hash algorithms are frequently used to support a digital fingerprint of a file’s contents used to ... Read More

Diffusion is an encryption process where the authority of one plaintext symbol is spread over some ciphertext symbols with the objective of hiding statistical properties of the plaintext. A simple diffusion element is the bit permutation, which can be used frequently within DES. AES need the more advanced Mix-column process.Ciphers can only implement confusion, including the Shift Cipher or the World War II encryption machine Enigma are not protected. Neither are ciphers which only implement diffusion. However, through the concatenation of such service, a strong cipher can be constructed.Diffusion means that if it can change an individual bit of the ... Read More

There are some popular Encryption Algorithm are as follows − Triple DES − Triple DES was intended as a successor to the once generally used Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm. This symmetric-key approach of data encryption was create obsolete by the hackers who continually exploited its vulnerabilities.Triple DES succeeded that develop into the most broadly used symmetric algorithm in the industry. The algorithm need a 56-bit individual key with the total key length inserting up to 168 bits. Because it is consecutive encryption, there is a middle-level vulnerability that reduce its protection to the level of a 112-bit key. Advanced Encryption Standard ... Read More

There are various types of hashing are as follows − RIPEMD − RIPEMD was produced in Europe as an element of RIPE project in 96 by researcher included in attacks on MD4/5. It is same as MD5/SHA and uses two parallel lines of 5 round of 16 steps. It makes a 160-bit hash value. It is slower but possibly more secure than SHA. MD5 − An MD5 hash function encodes a string of data and encodes it into a 128-bit fingerprint. MD5 is generally used as a checksum to check data integrity. MD5 is also called as suffer from expanded hash collision ... Read More

A hashing algorithm is a mathematical algorithm that transform an input data array of a specific type and arbitrary length to an output bit string of a fixed length.Hashing algorithms take any input and transform it to a uniform message by utilizing a hashing table.There are some popular hashing algorithm are as follows −MD5 − MD5 stands for message-digest algorithm. It is a cryptographic protocol used for authenticating messages and content verification and digital signatures. MD5 is based on a hash function that verifies a file and it can sent matches the file received by the person it can sent ... Read More

A modern block cipher is a cipher which encrypts m-bit block of plaintext and decrypts m-bit block of ciphertext. For encryption or decryption, modern block cipher facilitate a K bit key and the decryption algorithm should be inverse of encryption algorithms and for both encryption and decryption similar key is used.A block cipher works on a plaintext block of n bits to make a cipher text block of n bits. There are possible multiple plaintext blocks and, for the encryption to be reversible (i.e., for decryption to be applicable), each should create a unique cipher text block. Such transformation is ... Read More

Hashing is the procedure of interpreting a given key into a code. A hash function is used to substitute the data with a freshly produced hash code. Furthermore, hashing is the practice of taking a string or input key, a variable generated for saving narrative information, and defining it with a hash value, which is generally decided by an algorithm and create a much shorter string than the original.Hashing is generally a one-way cryptographic function. Because hashes are irreversible, understanding the output of a hashing method does not enable us to regenerate the contents of a file. It allows us ... Read More

A stream cipher encrypts a continuous string of binary numbers by using timevarying transformations on plaintext information. Therefore, this kind of encryption operates bit-by-bit, using keystreams to create ciphertext for arbitrary lengths of plain text messages.The cipher combines a key (128/256 bits) and a nonce digit (64-128 bits) to create the keystream and a pseudorandom number XORed with the plaintext to create ciphertext.While the key and the nonce can be reutilized, the keystream has to be unique for each encryption redundancy to provide security. Stream encryption ciphers implement this using feedback shift registers to make a unique nonce (number used ... Read More

HashingHashing is a cryptographic procedure that can be used to check the authenticity and integrity of several types of input. It is broadly used in authentication systems to prevent storing plaintext passwords in databases, but it can also used to check files, documents and different types of data. Inadequate use of hashing functions can lead to serious data breaches, but not using hashing to secure sensitive information in the first place is poor.Hashing functions are not reversible. The output of a hashing function is a fixed-length string of characters known as hash value, digest or directly a hash. These are ... Read More

A block cipher is a symmetric cryptographic algorithm that works on a constant-size block of information using a shared, private key. Plaintext can be used during the encryption, and the resulting encrypted text is known as ciphertext. The similar key can be used for both the encryption of the plaintext and the decryption of the ciphertext.There are different modes of operations in block cipher which are as follows −Electronic Code Book (ECB) Mode − This is the easiest mode. In this mode, the plain text is breaked into a block where each block is 64 bits. Thus each block is ... Read More