Introduction When it comes to server−client communication, two protocols are commonly used: TCP and UDP. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a connection−oriented protocol that ensures reliable delivery of data packets between network devices. On the other hand, User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a connectionless protocol that offers faster data transmission but with no guarantee of delivery or order. In this article, we will explore how to build a server using both protocols in Python programming language. We will also discuss the use of select() function in handling multiple client connections. Setting up the Server Creating a Socket ... Read More

Introduction Networking is a field that has become indispensable in modern times, and with its increasing complexity, simulating network behaviors for research and testing is essential. Network simulation tools like NS2 make it easier to create artificial network scenarios that can be used to evaluate protocols, routing algorithms, and other operations. TCL (Tool Command Language) scripts are widely used in NS2 as they help automate the simulation process. This article introduces a TCL script for link state routing simulation to facilitate the study of routing protocols using NS2. Link State Routing Definition and Explanation Link state routing is ... Read More

Introduction Welcome to this article on TCL script that demonstrates recursive procedures. TCL (Tool Command Language) is a popular scripting language used for various applications such as networking, automation, and testing. Recursive procedures are an essential aspect of programming that can help simplify complex problems into smaller, manageable parts. Definition of TCL script TCL is a high−level scripting language used for various applications that require automation or scripting. It was developed by John Ousterhout in the early 1980s and has since become widely popular due to its ease of use and flexibility. The language is designed to be simple, ... Read More

Introduction TCL (Tool Command Language) is a robust, open−source scripting language that is used for a wide range of applications. It's known for its flexibility, ease−of−use and ability to control complex systems across multiple platforms. With TCL, you can automate repetitive tasks, implement various network protocols, and create custom tools and applications. The power of TCL lies in its simplicity that even beginners can start writing scripts in just a few minutes. Understanding FTP and TCP Define FTP and TCP protocols FTP, or File Transfer Protocol, is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host ... Read More

IntroductionDistributed systems are a fundamental aspect of modern computing that has revolutionized the way we interact with technology. In essence, a distributed system is a collection of independent computers that work together as a single entity to achieve a common goal. These computers are connected through a communication network and interact with each other by exchanging messages. A distributed system is an infrastructure consisting of multiple computers that are interconnected and communicate with each other using various communication protocols. The main feature of these systems is the fact that the resources and responsibilities are spread across different nodes in ... Read More

Introduction Tag identification is the process of identifying and tracking physical objects or people using electronic tags. These tags contain unique identifiers that can be read by special devices, enabling businesses to locate, monitor, and manage their assets more efficiently. Tag identification technologies have revolutionized many industries by providing real−time data on a wide range of parameters such as location, temperature, humidity, and movement. Types of Tag Identification Message Formats Tag identification message formats refer to the various ways through which tags or labels can be identified and their information transmitted from one device to another. Two common tag ... Read More

Introduction In today's digital age, network security is a top priority for businesses and organizations of all sizes. With the increasing threat of cyber attacks, it is essential to have strong authentication methods in place to verify the identity of users accessing sensitive information. TACACS+ Protocol is one such authentication protocol that has been widely adopted by enterprises across the globe. Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) Protocol is a remote authentication protocol used to provide centralized access control for network devices. It separates the functions of authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) into three separate services. This ... Read More

Introduction As technology continues to evolve, businesses are increasingly relying on complex systems to support their operations. System scaling is the process of adding or removing resources to ensure that these systems can accommodate changing demands. While system scaling can improve system performance and availability, it also introduces trade−offs that require careful consideration. Explanation of System Scaling System scaling is the process of adjusting infrastructure resources, such as servers, storage, or network capacity, based on changing business requirements. Organizations may scale up or down their systems depending on factors such as user traffic, application complexity or resource utilization. ... Read More

Introduction Data communication involves the exchange of information between two or more devices connected through a communication channel. The effectiveness and efficiency of this exchange process are highly dependent on the protocol used to transmit the data. Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC) is an essential protocol for data communication as it provides a reliable means of transmitting data across networks. Synchronous Data Link Control is a layer 2 protocol used in data communication to manage and maintain error−free transmission between devices. SDLC provides synchronization, error control, and flow control mechanisms necessary for efficient data transfer. SDLC Loop Operation ... Read More

Introduction In the world of electronics, transmission lines are an essential part of many circuits. One such type of transmission line is the Symmetric Stripline. This article provides a detailed look at this technology, including its definition, construction, working principle, applications, and more. A Symmetric Stripline is a type of electrical transmission line that consists of two parallel conductive strips separated by a dielectric material. It is commonly used in high−frequency and microwave circuits due to its ability to provide low loss and good impedance matching properties. Construction of Symmetric Stripline Layers of Symmetric Stripline Symmetric ... Read More