Buffering refers to the process of temporarily storing data in memory (a buffer) before it is sent or received over a network. The buffer helps to smooth out any variations in the rate at which data can be sent or received, and ensures that the sender and receiver can work at their own pace without interruption. For example, when streaming a video, the video player may buffer some of the video before it starts playing. This is done so that if the network connection is slow, the video can continue playing without interruption. Similarly, when a computer is sending data ... Read More

Breaking cryptography typically involves attempting to discover the secret key that was used to encrypt a message. Once the secret key is discovered, it can be used to decrypt the original message, making it readable. There are a variety of methods that can be used to try to break a cryptographic system, including − Brute force − Trying all possible secret keys until the correct one is found. Ciphertext-only attack − Attempting to decrypt a message without knowing the key, but only having access to the ciphertext (the encrypted message). Known plaintext attack − Attempting to decrypt a message ... Read More

The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a legacy computer networking protocol used to automatically assign IP addresses to devices on a network. BOOTP was developed in the 1980s as a way to assign IP addresses to diskless workstations without the need for a DHCP server. BOOTP works by allowing a device to broadcast a request for an IP address on the network. The BOOTP server, which is typically a router or a dedicated BOOTP server, receives the request and assigns an IP address to the device. The device then uses the assigned IP address to communicate with other devices on the ... Read More

The Birman-Schiper-Stephenson (BSS) Protocol is a distributed computing protocol that allows a group of computers to maintain a consistent shared state despite the possibility of failures. It was first described in a paper by Michael Birman, Roger Schiper, and Tom Stephenson in 1985. In the BSS Protocol, each computer in the group is assigned a unique identifier and acts as a "replica" of the shared state. The replicas communicate with each other using a series of message passing operations to maintain consistency of the shared state. The protocol is based on a "token" that is passed between replicas, which serves ... Read More

Binary Synchronous Communication (BISYNC) is a communication protocol that uses synchronous transmission to transfer data between devices. In BISYNC, data is transmitted in fixed-length blocks, called frames, with a start and stop bit at the beginning and end of each frame. The start and stop bits are used to synchronize the sender and receiver, so that they can accurately read and interpret the data in the frame. BISYNC uses a complex set of control characters to manage the flow of data and to maintain the synchronization between the sender and receiver. For example, the "ENQ" (enquiry) character is used to ... Read More

The Bifid Cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher that was invented by the French amateur cryptographer Felix Delastelle at the end of the 19th century. It is considered a polygraphic cipher because it encrypts pairs of letters at a time, rather than single letters like monoalphabetic ciphers such as the Caesar Cipher. The Bifid Cipher is based on a polybius square, which is a 5x5 grid of letters that is used to encrypt the plaintext. The grid is usually filled with a combination of the alphabet and a keyword or phrase. The letters in the keyword or phrase are placed ... Read More

Berkeley's Algorithm is a distributed algorithm for computing the correct time in a network of computers. The algorithm is designed to work in a network where clocks may be running at slightly different rates, and some computers may experience intermittent communication failures. The basic idea behind Berkeley's Algorithm is that each computer in the network periodically sends its local time to a designated "master" computer, which then computes the correct time for the network based on the received timestamps. The master computer then sends the correct time back to all the computers in the network, and each computer sets its ... Read More

NS2 (Network Simulator version 2) is a discrete event network simulator that is widely used to simulate and analyze the behavior of computer networks. It is open-source software and is written in C++ and Otcl (Object-oriented Tool Command Language). The Otcl (Object-oriented Tool Command Language) is an extension of Tcl (Tool Command Language) and is used to create and control network entities and configure network scenarios in NS2. NS2 has two parts: the C++ part, which provides the underlying simulation engine, and the Otcl part, which provides the user interface and interaction between the user and the C++ part. The ... Read More

A network attack is any attempt to disrupt, compromise or gain unauthorized access to a computer network or its resources. Network attacks can be classified into several categories, depending on the method used, the target and the intent of the attacker. One way to classify network attacks is by their intent. Some attacks are designed to disrupt the normal operation of a network or its resources, while others are designed to steal sensitive information or take control of network resources. Another way to classify network attacks is by the method used. Some attacks involve exploiting known vulnerabilities in network software ... Read More

The SDLC, or Software Development Life Cycle, is a process used by organizations to plan, design, build, test, and deploy software. The SDLC provides a framework for managing the entire software development process, and it typically consists of several distinct phases. The basic frame structure of the SDLC is as follows − Planning − This phase involves defining the project scope, objectives, and requirements. It also includes identifying stakeholders, analyzing the business case, and creating a project plan. Analysis − In this phase, the requirements are gathered and the system is analyzed in order to create a detailed design ... Read More