OSI termed Open Systems Interconnect is developed in the year 1983 by ISO (International Organization for Standardization) professionals and it has been declared as an international standard of communicating through the network in later 1984. This model consists of seven layers of abstraction which are used for the transmission of data from a device through the channel to another device. Each layer is designed to do its task by getting data in the form of bits or packets and then forwarding the processed data to the upper layers in the architecture. Architecture designed in the OSI model helps the network ... Read More

Before knowing which connection is best for internet usage Fiber, Copper, or wireless, we need to know the connections available and their functionality in different environments. The connection that the user selects depends on the usage, cost, installation location, services needed from the internet, and speed of data transfer when uploading or downloading a file or large volumes like movies, software tools, applications, etc. All types of internet connection depend on the bandwidth on how many units (represented by Mbps or Gbps per second) are used for streaming any live video or how frequently the user downloads or accesses cloud ... Read More

Security risks have become more complex and common in today's digital world. Cybercriminals' strategies for exploiting vulnerabilities in networks, apps, and devices are constantly evolving. Enterprises must take strict security measures to mitigate these threats. Unified Threat Management is one such security technology (UTM). UTM is a comprehensive security solution that integrates multiple security technologies into a single platform to address a wide range of threats. This article explains the concept of UTM and its pros and cons. Brief introduction of Unified Threat Management ( UTM ) Unified Threat Management (UTM) is a comprehensive security system that integrates numerous security ... Read More

In today's advanced age, protection and security have gotten to be major concerns for web clients. Whereas the web has made life more helpful and proficient, it has moreover made our data defenseless to cybercriminals, government observation, and other prying eyes. This is often where the Tor Browser comes into play. Tor, short for "The Onion Switch, " may be a free and open-source web browser that permits clients to browse the web namelessly and safely. In this article, we'll investigate what the Tor Browser is, how it works, and its points of interest and drawbacks. Users may ... Read More

Time to Live (TTL) is a term used in computer science to describe how long a network packet will contain data. It is a value inside the packet header that represents the most router hops a packet may make before being dropped. When a packet travels through a network, it is forwarded from one router to another until it arrives at its final destination. The packet header's TTL value decreases with each router it passes through. The packet is dropped and not transmitted any further when the TTL is 0, halting its endless circulation. Time to Live (TTL) The TTL ... Read More

Stuxnet is a computer worm that was found in 2010 and is considered to be one of the foremost advanced cyber weapons ever found. It is considered to have been outlined to target and disrupt Iran's atomic program by causing the centrifuges utilized in uranium enhancement to break down. Stuxnet was outlined to spread through tainted USB drives and other detachable media, and it utilized several progressed procedures to sidestep discovery and keep up control over contaminated frameworks. It was able to misuse different zero-day vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows, which made it exceptionally troublesome to distinguish and expel. Stuxnet ... Read More

Stateful inspection is a technique used to restrict the traffic flow between networks. It will observe the live connections in the network and based on it, it allows and restricts the packet’s access based on the security policies. It most key element in tracing is the state of network sessions. Accessibility depends on the session state. ‘Dynamic Packeting Filtering’ is the other name. And this technology is related to a firewall so it restricts accessibility through the firewall. The state specifies the process status and the context is the content or data of the packet including the IP address ... Read More

A router is an electronic device that connects two or more computer networks and forwards data packets between them. It is an essential component of any modern network infrastructure, from small home networks to large enterprise networks. It does so much customizable filtering when a message passes through the router. If the router admin wishes to block some domain names he can customize them. There are so many such customizations that can be made on the router level. In this article, we will explore what a router is, how it works, and its various types and applications. Definition Routers are ... Read More

Remote code execution(RCE) is an arbitrary code running on a remote system using security vulnerability and connecting it to a private or public network. Physical access is not required. The RCE can have severe consequences of Malware, loss of data, Service disruption, and ransomware deployment. The RCE vulnerability is exploited by the attacker without any access to the victim's system. When we download malicious software or application then it gives rise to the use of RCE by cyber attackers. The OWASP has recognized Remote procedure code as a vulnerability for cyber attacks. Overview Definition Remote Code Execution is a remote ... Read More

TCP Vegas is a modified TCP Vegas. It depends on Round Trip Time values on the accurate calculation of Base RTT. The TCP detects congestion that can be avoided at different Stages based on Round Trip Time(RTT). Here A stands for Adaptive. TCP Vegas emphasizes packet delay rather than loss of the packet. The TCP Vegas was first coined by Larry L Peterson and Lawrence Brakmo in 1994. The TCP Vegas has better throughput with less loss of packets by keeping packets in the congestion window to be smaller during the transmission. Definition TCP Vegas is an algorithm that avoids ... Read More