Introduction In early times sunlight was used for the bleaching of substances. Charles Tennant in the year 1799 introduced a solid combination of chlorine and slaked lime. This is the major contributor to the production of a bleaching powder in bulk. Now it is available in many commercial products, and it is used for the bleaching of water that is to remove germs present in water. And in some chemical industries, it is used as an oxidizing agent. Sodium Hydroxide or caustic soda is also an important inorganic chemical compound that is found in many commercial products such as soap, ... Read More

Introduction The processes of metallurgy are focused on the production of metals, because these are not found in isolated state on the earth. However, the metals are found in crude materials with a combination of impurities and minerals. Therefore, several kind of processing techniques are essential to extract the metals. Metallurgy also includes the blending of different metals in a specific ratio for making metallic alloys. Defining the process of Metallurgy Metallurgy is defined as the process is used for extraction of metals from their crude state found on the earth. However, Metallurgy results in extraction of metal in its ... Read More

Introduction The shift in the state of equilibrium is noticed when, the system is disturbed. However, the experiment for the Shift in Equilibrium is conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Le Chatelier's Principle states the concepts of shifting of equilibrium, is associated with equilibrium constant. The shift of equilibrium in the reaction is quite effective on the state of equilibrium. The shifting of reaction direction can be predicted accordingly. Le Chatelier's principle In a chemical reaction, the state of chemical equilibrium can be changed by making a change in the reaction conditions. The shift in the state of equilibrium ... Read More

Introduction Principle of Spectroscopy is how the spectra can absorb UV light. The absorption of light refers to a vital chapter in chemistry. Absorption of ultraviolet radiation results in an excitation of the electrons available in the substances. About Spectrophotometer A spectrophotometer refers to a scientific instrument is primarily utilised for the analysis of electromagnetic radiation from the light to the sample and about its absorption wavelength. The absorption is measurement using the spectral components. The spectrophotometer is used to measure molecular spectroscopy. In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of wavelength or particles. ... Read More

Introduction Phosphine is prepared in laboratory scale by using white phosphorus, Sodium Hydroxide followed by warming under inactive environment of the CO2. Phosphine is naturally found in human urine, blood, and saliva. It has several industrial applications as well as some health hazards facts. Information regarding Phosphine Phosphine is considered one of the toxic and flammable elements French chemist discovered Phosphine by heating phosphorous $\mathrm{(P_{4})}$ in the presence of aqueous solution of Potassium Carbonate. The experiment resulted in a colourless gas with fishy odour. Phosphine is considered a vital element in biochemical lifecycle. The chemical properties of the element are ... Read More

Introduction Nitrogen was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. The gas was named azote. Nitre is a widely known nitrogenous compound that helps in the derivation of nitrogen. Nitrogen is symbolized with N and its atomic number is 7. The element has an atomic mass of 14.0067. What is Nitrogen? Nitrogen is a non-metallic element. It is located in group 15 in the periodic table. It is found in gaseous form in ordinary temperatures; however, the gas can be transformed into a liquid or solid state by reducing its temperature. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is $\mathrm{1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{3}}$. The nitrogen molecule ... Read More

Introduction Sodium Chloride provides the salinity of seawater and all extracellular fluid. Multi-cellular organisms possess a vital role to maintain the salinity of these areas. NaCl is collected from brine solution and by mining the deposits. Households and industries are two areas where the application of NaCl is found in a wide range. What is Sodium Chloride? One of the most important ionic compounds is known as Sodium Chloride (NaCl). This is a white crystalline solid widely used as flavour enhancer and preservative. The ratio of the two ions of NaCl is 1:1 (Na:Cl). This component is commonly known as ... Read More

Introduction Baking soda is found as white crystalline powder. IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) designates baking soda as Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate. All steps of preparing baking soda and its important properties are included here, which is helpful in understanding the importance of Sodium Bicarbonate. What is baking soda? One of the most commonly used components in the household is baking soda. It is a crystalline compound tasted like alkaline and salty. Nahcolite is a type of Bicarbonate mineral found in nature. Baking soda is available in almost all mineral springs. This is a component of natural mineral ... Read More

Introduction The solution of $\mathrm{Na_{2}CO_{3}}$ is prepared from pure quality of chemicals with accurate concentration determines a procedure of standardisation. The solution refers to such a solution of accurately known concentration prepared from its preliminary standard. The primary standard must contain a higher purity level of chemical elements, higher solubility in water, and high molar mass. What is Sodium Carbonate? $\mathrm{Na_{2}CO_{3}}$ is greatly distributed in nature. It has many vital applications in different industries for various purposes. The compound is also known as soda ash and is widely applicable in the making process of soap detergent power as well. Aim ... Read More

Introduction A standard unit of Oxalic acid is solution is used as primary standard solution in specific volume of solvent. It is prepared to use as primary standard substance. What is Oxalic acid? Oxalic acid is an organic product with the molecular formula of “2H2O4. Its IUPAC name is Ethanedioic acid. The product consists of dicarboxylic acid. It is a weak acid, exists in the white colour crystalline form. Figure 1 − Oxalic acid Oxalic acid gives colourless solution inwater. The molecular weight of Oxalic acid is 90.03g/mol. This product is stronger reducing agent than Acetic acid . The ... Read More