Introduction Hess law was introduced by the Russian Chemist Doctor Germain Hess in the year 1840 where he formulated many principles of thermochemistry. Hess law is an effect of the first law of thermodynamics. But it exists as a single law because of its significance. The calculation of heat of reaction is involved in this law. The first law of thermodynamics states that the enthalpy difference in a particular reaction is equal to the quantity of energy absorbed or discharged during the reaction. Hess law also deals with the energy of a chemical reaction in which it does not depend ... Read More

Introduction Henry's law is one of the important gas rules which was proposed by the English physician and chemist William Henry in the year 1830. The name is given as an honour to him. And is applicable only for dilute solutions. This law combined with other theories has witnessed many applications in Chemistry. The law focuses on the dissolution of gases on a particular liquid at a particular volume. It will deal with the weight of gases dissolved in liquids. It relates the relationship between the gas dissolved and partial pressure. According to this law, they are directly proportional at ... Read More

Introduction Henderson Hasselbalch was derived by Lawrence Joseph Henderson in 1908. The equation is used for the calculation of the pH of the buffer solution. Karl Albert Hasselbalch then in 1917 rewrote the equation in the logarithmic form. The logarithmic form of this equation is more used. A buffer solution is the combination of an acid and a salt. The property of the buffer solution is that the pH of the buffer mixture will not change with the addition of acid or base. That is, they are resistant to the change in pH. The calculation of hydrogen ion concentration thereby ... Read More

Introduction A glucose polymer called glycogen is found in the majority of mammalian and non- mammalian cells, in microbes, and even in some plants. It is a significant and rapid source of stored glucose. As a supply of glucose for other tissues, it is mostly kept in the liver of vertebrates. It appears to be primarily employed in the muscle for energy- related functions as the metabolic fuel for glycolysis, which generates glucose 6- phosphate. As a result, glycogen is essential as a source of overall and cellular energy as well as an energy reserve. The synthesis and breakdown of ... Read More

Introduction Glutamic acid seems to be an amino acid that the body uses to synthesize proteins. This might have been obtained for the first time in 1865. There have been 2 kinds of amino acids − essential amino acids as well as non-essential amino acids. Glutamic acid is a non- essential amino acid, which has the structural formula $\mathrm{C_{5}H_{9}O_{4}N}$, a molecular mass of 147.13 g/mol, as well atomicity of 19. It might have a role in learning as well as memory. Most of this abundance may be due to the existence of a similar component, glutamine, within proteins; glutamine gets ... Read More

Introduction Gibbs Energy Change is connected to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, which says that the system's, as well as surroundings' entropy, must always grow. Entropy is an estimate of the displacement of a system's energy if it can store energy. As a result, Gibbs Free Energy is essential to comprehending numerous equations since it clarifies and simplifies all spontaneous events in the universe. At fixed temperature & pressure, the fraction of internal energy that may be transformed into work is referred to as free energy. Free energy has the qualities of energy, and its value is decided by the ... Read More

Introduction Gabriel Phthalimide synthesis is the process of formation of primary amine only. It is a three-step process in which phthalimide reacts with a base and alkyl halide to form primary amine and salt of sodium or potassium phthalimide. German scientist Siegmund Gabriel synthesised it. In this process, we can make only primary amines not aryl amines as the aryl halides do not process nucleophilic substitution reactions. We can use any base potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide in this reaction. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis What is Gabriel Phthalimide? The Gabriel Synthesis is a valuable preparation of primary amines. In this ... Read More

Introduction Chemical species known as free radicals have a singly occupied orbital. They are very reactive while being neutral. With a few notable exceptions, these "dangling" connections render free radicals very chemically reactive toward other substances or even against themselves; their molecules spontaneously dimerize/polymerize if they make contact. Only at trace amounts in an inert medium or a vacuum are most of radicals relatively stable. There are several techniques to produce free radicals, including synthesis using incredibly dilute or rarefied reagents, reactions at extremely low temperatures, or dissociation of bigger molecules. What are Free Radicals? An atom/ ion/molecule with unpaired ... Read More

Introduction Fluorine is a relatively recent element. Minerals containing fluorine were used sparingly in antiquity. Early scientist Georgius Agricola initially discussed the economic application of fluorite, the mineral that is the source of fluorine, in the context of smelting in the 16th century. The term "fluorite" (and subsequently "fluorine") is a creation of Agricola. The late 18th century saw the discovery of hydrofluoric acid. Early in the 19th century, it was realised that fluorine, like chlorine, was a bonded element within compounds. It was discovered that fluorite is calcium fluoride. Fluorine has resisted attempts to separate it due to its ... Read More

Introduction Flerovium is denoted or represented by the symbol (𝐹𝑙), with the atomic number equal to 114. This element is superheavy or, one of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is also an extremely radioactive material or element. This element was discovered in the year 1998, in the research centre of Russia. This element is found in group number 14 and period number 7 which means it lies in the p-block. The Electronic configuration for the flerovium is $\mathrm{[Rn]\:5f^{14}\:6d^{10}\:7s^{2}\:7p^{2}}$. It is a member (found in) of the carbon (𝐶) group, and it is the bulky element in that ... Read More