Introduction Benjamin Franklin during his experiments found that metals can conduct electricity through the lightning experiment. The concept of electrical potential was discovered by Alessandro Volta. The measure of the ability of metals to conduct electricity was put forward by the scientist Georg Simon Ohm. The development in the field of conductors made several advancements in the science field. The conductors are the materials that can conduct electricity and heat by the transfer of these energies from one atom to another. In electrical conductors, the charge carriers such as ions and electrons present in the material will conduct electricity by ... Read More

Introduction Boron has been widely employed in a variety of sectors as well as applications, ranging from automotive, as well as healthcare to construction, including aerospace, as a wonder element with extraordinary physical qualities. Its importance in innovative food security, and energy solutions, for decarbonization, is becoming more widely acknowledged. Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B as well as the atomic no. 5. At normal temperature, boron is a metalloid in its solid state. Amorphous metalloids are brown powders, whereas crystalline metalloids are dark brittle metalloids. Boron can form covalent bonds because it has 3 valence electrons, ... Read More

Introduction John Mayow, the English physician of 1674 discovered that air is not a single element, it is a mixture of different kinds of gases. The discovery made by scientists is wide to get a clear idea about the composition of air. Joseph Priestley, a chemist 1774 discovered the presence of Oxygen in the air. Joseph Black, a chemist of 1750 discovered the presence of Carbon dioxide in the air. Noxious air, now known as Nitrogen gas, was discovered by Daniel Rutherford in 1772. Henry Cavendish in 1785 was not satisfied with the components present in the air since 0.7% ... Read More

Introduction Titration or titrimetry is an analytical method that is used for the detection of an unknown amount of concentration of the unknown analyte. It is a volume measurement so it is also called a volumetric method. A standard solution of a reagent or titrant is prepared and it will then react with the analyte to obtain its concentration. The volume in which the reagent or titrant reacted is called the titrant volume. There are various titrimetry methods. Complexometric titration is one among them. It is a titration in which the formation of a colored coordination complex is indicated as ... Read More

Introduction Aeroplanes, space rockets, and model rockets project through the atmosphere by employing concepts of mechanics. These types of machinery contain advanced propulsion systems that generate power and thrust to project the aircraft. The power inside these aircraft is generated by burning fuel or by combustion. The substance that acts as fuel combines with an oxidizer to form chemical products. These newly generated chemical substances are known as exhaust. When the exhaust is produced energy is generated in the form of heat. To start combustion a source of heat is required. Therefore, heat is not only required to initiate a ... Read More

Introduction Combustion is a chemical phenomenon that generates heat when a material reacts fast with 𝑂2. The starting substance is known as the fuel, while the 𝑂2 flow is referred to as the oxidizer. The fuel can be solid, gaseous, or liquid, although, for aeroplane propulsion, the liquid is most usually used. The oxidizer can also be a liquid/vapour/solid, though it's usually gas in planes. In model rockets, solid fuel along with oxidizers are used. Heat Produced On Combustion of Fuels The heat value of a fuel is the heat energy emitted during combustion. The heat value of fuel also ... Read More

Hardness is a measure of a material's ability to resist indentation or deformation. It is a crucial property in engineering and manufacturing applications, as it determines a material's suitability for specific tasks. There are many methods to measure the hardness of a material, including Brinell and Rockwell hardness tests. In this essay, we will explore the differences between these two methods. What is Brinell Hardness? Brinell hardness (HBW) is the ratio between the applied force and the surface of the print. Indenter is a hard metal ball, with a diameter D that is imprinted by force F into the surface ... Read More

Benzyl and phenyl are two common organic compounds that are often confused with each other. Both compounds contain a benzene ring, but there are important differences between them in terms of their chemical structure and properties. In this essay, we will explore the difference between benzyl and phenyl in detail. What is Benzyl? Benzyl is a functional group, consisting of a benzene ring, attached to a CH2 group. Its chemical formula is C6H5CH2–. Benzyl is a monovalent radical derived from toluene. The abbreviation "Bn" is used to represent the benzyl group. For example, the benzyl alcohol can be marked ... Read More

The terms "cis" and "trans" are used in various fields of science and social studies to describe different aspects of objects, molecules, and people. In chemistry, these terms are used to describe the orientation of atoms or groups of atoms in a molecule, while in social studies, they are used to describe the gender identity of individuals. In this essay, we will discuss the difference between cis and trans in both chemistry and social studies. What is Cis? The prefix “cis” is derived from Latin. It means “on the same side”. In the cis isomer, the substituent groups are placed ... Read More

Introduction In this tutorial let’s learn about the Crystal field theory. Before moving into the definition of Crystal field theory lets have an overall understanding of certain terminologies which will help us in better understanding of this concept. Degenerate Energy Levels If the same energy level is obtained by more than one quantum mechanical state, then the energy levels are said to be degenerate. Transition Metals Transition metals have an empty d orbital. The d orbital split into two energy sublevels, the electron moving between these gives them their properties. Few examples of transaction metals are Copper, Iron, Manganese, etc. ... Read More