Introduction The Fischer Esterification Mechanism refers to the synthesis of carboxylic acid as well as alcohol into such an ester throughout the existence of a strong acid catalyst. Fischer Esterification is often named as Fischer-Speier Esterification, well after the scientists who invented it, Arthur Speir as well as Emil Fischer. Just in the availability of alcohol as well as heat could the reaction take place. They described the Fischer Esterification reaction for the first time in 1895. The Fischer Esterification process is reversible in general. $\mathrm{H_{2}SO_{4}}$, p-toluene sulfonic acid, as well as Lewis acids including $\mathrm{C_{3}F_{9}O_{9}S_{3}Sc}$(Scandium triflate) are popular catalysts ... Read More

Introduction Fire is a useful chemical reaction if used in a controlled way. It is a lifesaver for many purposes but can be hazardous if burned in an uncontrolled way. A fire extinguisher is a portable device that is used to control a small or blazing fire. Fire is used for many purposes in our day-to-day life. We can’t think of cooking, illuminating light, and other activities in industries without fire. Sometimes in forests, the dry plants caught fire and spread for miles endangering the lives of animals and birds. To stop all these kinds of fires are cooled down ... Read More

Introduction An electrophilic substitution reaction is a kind of organic reaction wherein an electron- rich molecule, often a halogen, exchanges positions with the electron-poor atom of some other molecule. This reaction produces a new, highly stable molecule when emitting heat energy. The resonance of such a benzene ring allows the delocalized electron to traverse effectively throughout the benzene ring 𝐶 atoms. This also aids in the stabilization of the arenium ion. Although arenium ions are only partially stable, benzene is susceptible to electrophilic substitution reactions. This is important to emphasize that now the aromaticity of the volatile component gets preserved ... Read More

Introduction Electron affinity is a change in the energy of an atom. When a neutral atom adds electrons to its outer shell it releases energy and carries a negative charge. An element gains electrons to stabilise its octet. Energy is released when an element accepts or loses an electron. In a chemical reaction when an element accepts an electron to form a compound, it releases the energy, it's called an exothermic reaction. The energy is released to attract the electron by a nucleus from another element that's why the energy is released in an exothermic reaction. When an element loses ... Read More

Introduction The Chemical Dihydrogen Monoxide abbreviated as DHMO, is like a water molecule but it's not similar in properties to water. It is a colourless and odourless chemical. It is a dangerous chemical that causes deaths to many American every year due to accidental ingestion. It is present in every river, lake, stream, and reservoir in America. It is a major component of acid rain, the greenhouse effect. DHMO in gaseous form causes burning of the skin. It also causes corrosion and rusting of metals. It is considered an invisible killer. Even though it has so many causes, ... Read More

Introduction Between 2 interconnected atoms, a polar bond does have an unequal number of electrons, while a nonpolar bond seems to have an equal proportion of electrons. Molecules are produced if atoms of different as well as similar elements join, but a Covalent Bond has been generated when 2 atoms share a couple of electrons. Covalent bonds between atoms are classed as polar or nonpolar based on how the associated electrons are allocated amongst the elements to which they have been bound. What are Polar Bonds? One form of covalent bond is indeed a polar bond. A polar bond ... Read More

Introduction The primary distinction between erosion as well as corrosion is that erosion relates to a physical change in matter, while corrosion refers to a chemical change in matter. Both erosions but also corrosion are natural processes with varying effects on the surfaces they interact with. Although erosion transports tiny rocks including pebbles to new locations, corrosion alters the chemical makeup of objects by causing differences in the composition of the area in which it occurs. Most often, people mix erosion with corrosion, unable to distinguish between the 2 natural processes since they share similarities. What is Erosion? ... Read More

Introduction The Scottish chemist Thomas Graham first put forward the systematic study of diffusion of gas molecules. He made his contributions to diffusion in the year 1828 to 1833. He observed that when different gases are brought together there is a spreading of gases instead of their arrangement in the terms of their density. So there is a spontaneous intermixing of gases taking place. And this property is diffusion. In the year 1848, Thomas Graham itself discovered the property of gas, effusion too. The escape of gas molecules irrespective of their nature happens when they are brought into small holes. ... Read More

Introduction The no. of protons presents in the nucleus of every element's atom, denoted by the letter Z, is the element's atomic number. Using only an atom's atomic number, an element can be identified as an atom. Any atom with the atomic number 8 represents an 𝑂 (Oxygen) atom, and a different element would be represented by an atom with a different proton no. The mass number, which is represented by the A, is neutrons plus protons in an atom. Atomic Mass It is the average mass of elements. The atomic mass, determined in amu (atomic mass unit), is equal ... Read More

Introduction Copper (II) chloride is a compound with a chemical formula called $\mathrm{CuCl_{2}}$. It is one of the compounds found in rare minerals like eriochalcite and tolbachite in its dehydrated or anhydrous form. It is also often found in fumaroles. The two forms of anhydrous (dry powder) or dehydrate (moisten) $\mathrm{CuCl_{2}}$ impart two different colours - yellowish-brown and bluish-green. This compound acts as a catalyst in chemical synthesis. Another name for this compound or inorganic salt is Cupric chloride. What is Copper (II) Chloride? Copper (II) chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula $\mathrm{CuCl_{2}}$. Exist in ... Read More