Introduction The fundamental states of matter in which the molecules are closely arranged or packed are solid. So there is a strong attractive force is present in the molecules of solids. Solid has a definite shape and structural rigidity compared to other states of matter. It will not flow or expand like other states gas and liquid. So in the case of solids rather than moving the position of atoms must be considered. The arrangement of these atoms in the solids is generally in two ways. The regular repeating and ordered arrangement of particles in the solids leads to the ... Read More

Introduction In the classification of organic chemical substances, both esters, as well as ether, are functional groups. The categorization of chemical components facilitates the analysis of their characteristics within the context of the group overall. Esters, as well as ethers, are both functional families of chemical molecules that are widely manufactured, consumed, and have industrial applications. The distinction between ester versus ether is found in their chemical structure. The primary distinction between an ester and an ether is that an ester group requires 2 𝐶-atoms and 2 𝑂-atoms to complete its distinctive structure. For its structure, an ether group requires ... Read More

Introduction A base is indeed a material that, while dispersed in an aq. solution, yields 𝑂𝐻− ions. Base compounds have a harsh taste (particularly alkalis) but also are generally slippery to the contact. Alkalis seem to be essentially water-soluble bases. The word 'alkali' refers to alkali metals and alkaline earth metal ionic complexes. As a result, alkalis could be considered a subclass among all bases. It means that while all alkalis have always been bases, not all bases have become alkalis. Alkalis include chemicals that are being utilised in soft water by removing organic toxins, fluorides, as well as ... Read More

Introduction Diethyl ether is represented by the formula $\mathrm{(C_{2}H_{5})_{2}O}$. It is an organic compound sometimes represented as $\mathrm{Et_{2}O}$. Diethyl ether is colourless, sweet-smelling, and highly volatile. Its molar or molecular weight is 74.123g/mol. Its density is 0.7134 g/𝑐𝑚3. Also, it is an extremely flammable liquid. It acts as a component of starting or generating fluids and it is also used as a solvent for the manufacturing of synthetic(man- made) dyes and plastics. Earlier it was also used as an anaesthetic agent but later on, it was exchanged or replaced with other substances. What is Diethyl Ether? Diethyl ether (ether) ... Read More

Introduction A conjugated diene binds with only an alkene to form a cyclohexene compound in either the Diels-Alder mechanism. Around the mid-1900s, Otto Diels, a researcher at the University of Kiel in Germany, had been experimenting with his student Kurt Alder to discover a mechanism that might readily generate additional cyclo hexagonal rings. They worked together to develop the Diels-Alder reaction, for which they have also been awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry. It is often used to synthesise rubber, plastic, or even artificial steroids including cortisol as well as vitamin D. This reaction is indeed only a one-step process ... Read More

Introduction If a structure is chiral, conformational isomers have various spatial arrangements of atoms but identical bond connections & configurations. Fast rotations about single bonds produce variations in dihedral angles in between vicinal groups, resulting in these various configurations. Because the energy barriers for switching from one conformational isomer to another are often minimal, interconversion of conformational isomers is conceivable at room temperature. At the 2 chiral centres, all conformational isomers have identical bond connections along with configurations. What are Conformers? A conformer is a molecular isomer that varies from another isomer by a single bond in the molecule rotating. ... Read More

Introduction The Common Ion Effect (CIE) is founded on Le Chatelier's Principle, which governs the chemical equilibrium of salts as well as other weak electrolytes including associated ions in solutions. This phenomenon is frequently employed to modify the solubilities of salts with weak electrolytes, as well as to separate salts from liquids. The common-ion effect (CIE) explains the dampening impact on the ionization of one electrolyte when some other electrolyte with a common ion is introduced. The CIE is the phenomenon wherein the solubility of a dispersed electrolyte decreases when some other electrolyte is introduced to the liquid with one ... Read More

Introduction M. S. Tswett, a Russian scientist, introduced the chromatographic technique. The technique that has been used for the separation of particles present in a given mixture is chromatography. In which the mobile phase moves through the stationary phase and the separation of particles present in the mixture takes place according to the affinity with the solvent used. There are distinct chromatographic techniques and are based on the different mobile and stationary phases. Column chromatography is one such chromatographic technique. The stationary phase is a column of adsorbent coated with the mixture and the mobile phase is a solvent. The ... Read More

Introduction Fossil Fuel is one of the widely used sources of producing energy. For a long time, fossil fuels like coal, petroleum, and natural gas have been used in homes, industrial areas, for electricity generation and moving vehicles, etc. These fuels are cheap but cause several side effects on our health and the environment. The Fumes produced by these fuels are releasing pollutants like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrous oxides, and toxins that generate around 44 health issues like heart problems, respiratory problems, asthma, Alzheimer’s, autism, etc. It not only produces health issues but many environmental issues like air pollution, ... Read More

Introduction The basic constituent of all the matters in our nature is atoms. And atoms are composed of small components called subatomic particles. They are the basic constituents of atoms. Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the 3 subatomic particles. The nucleus is the one that possesses the total mass of atoms. A nucleus is composed of two subatomic particles: neutrons and protons. So, the subatomic particle electrons are massless species. Numerous experiments and theories proposed by scientists lead to the discovery of these subatomic particles. Several years ago, it was considered that an atom is an indivisible constituent of matter. ... Read More