Introduction Conductometric titration is one of the types of titrations where chemical reactions are carried out with the help of a conductometer. Like in any other titration, an indicator is used to determine the endpoint; here a conductometer is used to find the endpoint of a reaction. It works on the principle of replacing one ion with another in the reaction mixture. This exchange of ions within the solution helps measure the changes in conductance. These changes help in reaching the endpoint, which tells a reaction is completed. Such a type of titration in which the endpoint is determined ... Read More

Introduction In polymer chemistry, a significant quantity of important and practical polymeric substances are formed by conventional transformations of functional groups of polyfunctional reactants. In such a reaction, a smaller molecule is produced as a byproduct. This process generally involves the combination of two or more monomers with distinct structures. Nylon 6, 6 is a condensation polymer synthesized by Wallace Carothers in 1935. Nylon 6, 6 was the first laboratory synthesized condensation polymer. Nylon 6, 6 is formed by condensing monomeric units of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. Wallace Carothers also contributed to the invention of neoprene. Other than synthetic ... Read More

Introduction Minerals are present in ore in complexes with other components. The extraction of a metal refers to the process of extracting metal out of its ores. Metallurgy is the study of the processes of obtaining metals from their ores and purifying them. There is no single method for removing all of the metals. Different methods must be utilized depending on the metal. Ore concentration, also referred to as enrichment of ore, is among the most crucial stages in the extraction of metal out of its ore. What do you understand about the concentration of Ores? As we ... Read More

Introduction Chemistry is indeed the scientific study of these three types of matter: elements, compounds, as well as mixtures. A compound is developed if two or more individuals interact chemically as well as mix in a fixed proportion. A chemical expression that represents the ratio wherein the components have interacted to yield a compound. Molecular compounds, as well as salts, are examples of compounds. A mixture is formed when two or more elements have been mixed collectively in such a way that they often not react chemically but also keep all of their characteristics. Substances merely merge physically yet do ... Read More

Introduction The functional group has a direct effect on monosubstituted benzene. The pace of reaction and the site of attack when mono substituted benzene is electrophilic ally attacked vary depending on the functional group connected to it. Benzene is a significant industrial chemical, but its toxicity prevents it from being used extensively in consumer goods. The currently existing substituent can increase or decrease the frequency of subsequent substitution by either activating or deactivating the benzene ring. The directive impact of benzene, mono substitution, and a group of para directing will all be covered in this essay. Benzene Benzene, an ... Read More

Introduction A hydrogen atom weighs the least. Hydrogen is a gas with the formula 𝐻2 that exists normally. It is made up of diatomic molecules. In addition to being very combustible, it has no colour or smell. With approximately 75% of all normal matter made up of hydrogen, it is the most prevalent chemical element in the universe. Plasma hydrogen makes up most of the material that makes up stars like the Sun. In molecular forms like water and organic molecules, hydrogen is mostly present on Earth.Hydrogen is a chemical element with the atomic number one and the symbol 𝐻. ... Read More

Introduction Before the 18th century, soaps were not developed. Around 1790 the soaps are manufactured from sodium chloride i.e. common salt in the form of caustic soda (Sodium Hydroxide). Then around 1823 to 1889 chemist Michel Eugene discovered the manufacturing of soap from natural oils and fats. Detergents were manufactured in around 19’s as synthetic cleaners. Detergents are manufactured in America for cleaning and dishwashing purposes. People get confused about soap and detergents but they are two separate reagents. Soaps are manufactured from natural ingredients whereas detergents are synthetic material sulfonates of alkyl benzene ($\mathrm{RSO_{4}}$). What are Soaps? Soaps are ... Read More

Introduction In the field of chemistry, studying chemical bonds is crucial as well as fascinating. In reality, a bond serves as a force that holds atoms together while they interact. Chemical bonds can also be divided into many types, including ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen connections. In addition to the bonds mentioned above, there are numerous other kinds of bonds. We will go into detail on the covalent bonds known as sigma bonds and pi bonds in this section. Covalent bonding does play a critical role in the existence of chemicals. The essay will also aid in providing a clear ... Read More

Introduction We often confuse orbits with orbitals as are the same things but this is completely a misconception. There is a major difference between orbits and orbitals. We know that electrons revolve around the nucleus, these pathways in which electron revolves are known as orbits. In these pathways, there is a particular space where the electron exits. These spaces in a 3-dimensional figure are known as orbitals. We will understand this in more broad ways Let’s understand this concept. What is Orbit? We know that in an atomic structure there are electrons, nuclei, and protons. The electrons are negatively charged ... Read More

Introduction Water molecules are maintained close to one another by an unknown force, as is common knowledge. The molecules can travel around without restriction. However, in addition to this force, the water molecules also have some kind of thermal energy, which is generated by extraordinarily fast vibrations. As a result, molecules at the surface move or vibrate with such strength that they escape into the atmosphere and turn into vapour. It is known as evaporation. The process is also reversible, allowing molecules to reassemble to create liquids. Condensation describes this. Although these words tend to sound similar, the processes they ... Read More