Introduction How fast a reaction proceeds have been termed the rate of reactions. The rate of reactions can be determined relying on the concentration of reactants. The rate of a reaction is directly proportional to the formation of the product and is also inversely proportional to the concentration of reactant that is decreasing. Many chemical reactions proceed at a faster rate. For example, the combustion reaction that takes place on the cellulose is a faster reaction that happens within seconds. While some chemical reactions have. For example, the rusting of iron is a very slow process, and it takes a ... Read More

Introduction An existing functional group is replaced by an incoming new functional group in a substitution reaction, which is a type of chemical reaction. An electrophile is a molecule that lacks an electron. Hence, we can define Electrophilic substitution reactions as chemical reactions where an electron-deficient substance (electrophile) displaces a functional group in a compound. The displaced functional group in this type of reaction is generally a hydrogen atom. Electrophilic substitution reactions generally proceed via a three-step mechanism that involves the following steps − An electrophile is generated A carbocation (intermediate) is formed A proton is removed from ... Read More

Introduction Substitution reactions take place when 1 functional group in a chemical particle is substituted by another functional group. It is also referred to as a single displacement & perhaps a single substitution reaction. These reactions are critical in inorganic chemistry. This reaction occurs in organic compounds or aromatic hydrocarbons. These reactions aid in the preservation of the aromaticity of aromatic compounds. In these reactions, the hydrogen (H) atom of a benzene ring with an electron-accepting reagent is substituted. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reaction These reactions take place when an electron-accepting reagent substitutes an atom attached to an aromatic ring. ... Read More

Introduction Additions throughout the double bond to produce saturated particles seem to be the most familiar alkene reactions. Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons, which indicates they have at least 1 double bond. They show how an electrophile (electron accepting reagent) targets the carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) to produce additional products due to the existence of pi electrons (e-). These are recognised as alkene electrophilic addition reactions. These reactions may also be governed by a free radical method. Alkenes go through a no. of reactions, such as oxidation as well as ozonolysis. Define Addition Reaction There are many types of components in ... Read More

Introduction An atom's electrical configuration is determined by how its electrons are arranged in orbitals and shells. The energy required to remove an e^- from an atom is what determines whether an orbital is stable. An orbital is more stable the higher its energy level. The quantity of protons there in the nucleus determines the electronic structure of an atom. The atomic no. of an atom is based on how many protons are present in its nucleus. The no. of electrons in an atom is also based on how many protons are present in its nucleus. Standard Notation of Electron ... Read More

Introduction The electronic configuration is very important for knowing the distribution or representation of electrons present in an atom of an element. The electronic configuration is important for all the structural identification of elements present in our nature. Each element has a distinct number of electrons and so they all have different electronic configurations. Each group present in the periodic table shows a common outer electronic configuration. It was first proposed by the scientist Bohr in the Bohr model of atoms. Iron is a metallic element found in group 8 and period 4 with an atomic number of 26. It ... Read More

Introduction Electronegativity is the ability of an atom or any individual atom to attract(force) shared electrons (e-) or electron density while forming a bond(chemical). The electronegativity of any individual atom can be affected by two factors, and they are- its atomic number (Z) and the distance(separation) at which its valence (complete octet) electrons stay from (away) the charged nucleus. We can also determine the electronegativity of an atom with the help of some factors like nuclear charge, the number of electrons in the atomic shell, etc. Generally, electronegativity increases when we move or go from left (l) to right ... Read More

Introduction Electronegativity can be described as the capability of an atom (inside a molecule) to attract (force) the electrons (shared ones) towards itself at the time of bond formation. The electronegativity of an atom can be affected (varies) by its atomic number (Z) and, also the distance from where the valence electrons stay or are found to be present in the charged nucleus. Electronegativity is useful in the estimation of the bond energy. Electronegativity for an element can be determined with the help of some scales like the Mulliken scale, polling scale, and Allred Roschow’s scale. A polling scale ... Read More

Introduction Electron gain enthalpy is the energy change process during the addition of an electron to an isolated atom. The ability to add an electron and form an anion refers to electron affinity. The elements undergoing this energy change or addition of electrons are due to acquiring stable electronic configuration. Here, Chlorine undergoes the addition of an electron for a stable octet. The electron affinities and negative ions or anions mainly belong to groups 6th and 7th of the periodic table. It has either negative or positive values depending on the size and nuclear charge of the elements. For ... Read More

Introduction The distribution of electrons within an atomic subshell is described by the electronic configuration. The overview of prediction of the position of the electrons surrounding a nucleus is called an electron configuration. The electron no. in every neutral atom is the same as the proton no. Now, we'll organize those electrons such that they stand about the nucleus which shows their energy and the orbital type in which they are situated. Depending on their energy, electrons occupy orbitals in a certain order. What are Electronic Configurations? The distribution of electrons within an atomic subshell is described by ... Read More