Introduction The phenomenon of freezing point depression discusses whenever introducing a solute to such a solvent causes a lowering of the freezing temp of the solvent. The freezing temp of such a compound seems to be the temp where the vapour pressure of the compound during its liquid phase equals the vapour pressure of the compound within the solid phase. Whenever a non-volatile solute has been dispersed in such a pure solvent, the vapour pressure lowers as per Raoult's Law. As a result, the overall vapour pressure of such a solution would be relatively lower than those of the pure ... Read More

Introduction Constitutional isomerism is a significant characteristic of organic molecules. The earliest observation of isomerism was made by Friedrich Woehler in 1827. Isomerism in organic molecules governs the property of products formed during an organic reaction. The concept of isomerism builds the foundation of organic chemistry and must be understood before moving on to complex organic reactions. There are various categories of isomerism. Constitutional isomerism is one of the two broad categories of isomerism. The other is stereoisomers, which have their branch of chemistry dedicated to them (called stereochemistry). Constitutional isomers are products of various important reactions. Generally, reactions that ... Read More

Introduction The concentration cell is indeed a sort of galvanic cell in which both halves of the cell contain relatively similar electrolytes although with varying concentrations. This is used in association with the electrodes. When obtaining chemical equilibrium, such cells produce a slight voltage difference. These are accomplished by moving electrons from either the lower to the higher concentration cell. Since the electrodes of such a concentration cell seem to be the same, its standard electrode potential becomes 0. However, as the ion concentrations fluctuate, maybe there could be a potential difference between the 2 half-cells. The Nernst Equation may ... Read More

Introduction An atom, the smallest unit of an element, is composed of a tightly packed positively charged nucleus that is surrounded by negatively charged electrons. Atoms are divided into two parts: the atomic structure and the extra nucleus region. The atomic structure is composed of the neutral neutron (n°) and positively charged proton (P+). In the additional nucleus, there are electrons with a negative charge (e-). Atoms, as well as all other elements and compounds, have mass. The protons that make up an atom's nucleus are primarily responsible for its concentration of mass. Protons have the most mass when compared ... Read More

Introduction Named reactions are organic reactions that are named after the discovery made by the corresponding scientist. Many named reactions are economically and commercially very useful. Finkelstein reaction is one such named reaction present in organic chemistry. Finkelstein's reaction is introduced by the German chemist Hans Finkelstein. It is an important organic reaction and is named after the scientist's name. It is also an equilibrium reaction that follows substitution nucleophilic bi molecular reaction. It is an organic exchange reaction in which one halogen atom present in a particular compound has been exchanged with another halogen atom from a different compound. ... Read More

Introduction Electrochemistry is a branch of chemistry that has been introduced by the contributions made by the English chemist John Daniel and the physicist Michael Faraday. John Daniel invented the primary cell and Michael Faraday introduced the laws of electrochemistry. Nernst introduced the electromotive force and put forward an equation that is now known as the Nernst equation. Electrochemistry deals with the study of electron movement. And it also deals with the relationship between electrical and chemical energy. Spontaneous chemical reactions taking place in the electrochemical systems produce a large amount of electrical energy. And the study of this electrical ... Read More

Introduction An electrochemical cell is a system that can generate electrical energy from spontaneous chemical reactions. Lets discuss it further, How does the battery in a mobile phone charge when it is plugged into its charger or how does the cell in a TV remote control function? In the scientific field known as electrochemistry, all these queries have their answers. The study of electrochemistry includes both the use of electricity to conduct non-spontaneous chemical reactions as well as the production of electricity through chemical reactions. Cells are employed to attain the goal. Cells are components that cause chemical reactions that ... Read More

Introduction The electrical properties of solids are quantified by conductivity. The capacity of a substance to transport electrical energy is referred to as its electrical conductivity. A good conductor may therefore easily carry electric current without melting, boiling, or otherwise changing its chemical makeup. Solids don't all have the same electrical characteristics. Some of them conduct electricity quite well, whilst others do not at all. Solids can be categorised as insulators/conductors/semiconductors depending on a scale of conductivities from 10−20 𝑡𝑜 107 𝑜ℎ𝑚−1𝑚−1. What are Solids? Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter. The molecules in a ... Read More

Introduction Dipole moments can be developed both in ionic and covalent compounds. It measures the separation of positive and negative charges in the molecule, and hence, can be considered for the measurement of polarity in molecules. The separation of charges in any molecule results in a dipole moment. This separation of charges takes place due to the difference in electronegativity of the bonded atoms in a compound. Between two bonded atoms in a bond, if one is more electronegative than the other, then the atom with more electronegativity attracts the bonded electron cloud towards itself. As a result of which ... Read More

Introduction Oxidation is the process in which the loss of electrons during a reaction occurs or takes place. loss of electrons can be done by either a molecule or by an atom or by any ion. In oxidation the O.S. of the molecule, atom, or ion increases. While the reduction is the process in which the gain of electrons takes place. Gain of electrons can be done by either a molecule or by an atom or by any ions. In the reduction process oxidation state of the molecule, atom, or ion decreases. Redox reaction is a type of reaction that ... Read More