Introduction In recent years, the development of gene-based markers has revolutionized the way scientists’ study genetic variation in organisms Gene-based markers are specific segments of DNA that are associated with particular genes and can be used to identify genetic variation in populations. These markers have numerous applications in a variety of fields, including agriculture, medicine, and ecology. The article sheds light on the development of gene-based markers, their applications, and their potential for future research. Development of Gene-Based Markers The development of gene-based markers began with the discovery of restriction enzymes, which are enzymes that can cut DNA at specific ... Read More

Introduction Genetic mapping is a crucial tool in the study of inheritance and evolution. It allows us to locate the genes that underlie traits of interest, such as disease susceptibility, crop yield, or even behavior. Two main types of genetic mapping are used in modern research − Association mapping. Linkage mapping. The article below focuses on association mapping and linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL). We will explain the basic principles behind these methods, their advantages and limitations, and how they are used in research today. Association Mapping Association mapping, also known as genome-wide association ... Read More

Introduction Allele mining has emerged as a powerful approach to identify novel genetic variations that can be used to improve crop traits. TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) and Eco-TILLING (Ecotype Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) are two widely used methods for allele mining in plants. These techniques rely on the use of mutagenic agents to introduce random mutations into the plant genome, followed by screening for mutations in target genes of interest. In this article, we will provide a detailed overview of TILLING and Eco-TILLING and their applications in allele mining. TILLING TILLING was first developed ... Read More

Introduction Agricultural research has come a long way over the years, with the advent of new technologies and methods. One such method is Advanced Backcross Quantitative Trait Locus (AB-QTL) analysis, which has revolutionized the field of plant breeding. AB-QTL analysis is a powerful tool used to identify the genetic basis of complex traits in plants. It involves crossing two different plant varieties, and then backcrossing the offspring with one of the parents repeatedly, in order to create a population with a high degree of genetic diversity. This population is then screened for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that are associated ... Read More

Introduction Genes are the building blocks of life, and they determine everything from the color of our eyes to our susceptibility to diseases. Two of the most well-known and widely studied gene systems are the Trp and Lac operons. These operons are involved in regulating the expression of genes in bacteria and play an essential role in the survival of these organisms. In this article, we will explore the differences between Trp and Lac operons, their significance, and how they function. What is Trp and Lac operon? Trp operon and Lac operon are two types of operons found ... Read More

Introduction As one of the central molecules of life, RNA plays a vital role in the transfer of genetic information from DNA to proteins. While DNA serves as a blueprint for building an organism, RNA acts as a messenger that carries the genetic information from the DNA to the ribosomes, where it is translated into proteins. RNA processing is an essential step in this process that involves several key stages, which we will explore in detail below. What is RNA? RNA stands for Ribonucleic Acid, a type of molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to proteins. Like DNA, ... Read More

Introduction The translation is a process by which the genetic information contained in the mRNA (messenger RNA) is decoded to produce a protein. The process of translation is a complex mechanism that occurs in every living cell and is essential for the proper functioning of the organism. It is a crucial step in the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that the information contained in DNA is transcribed into mRNA, and then translated into a protein. What is Translation Mechanism The translation mechanism is the process of decoding the mRNA sequence into a specific sequence of amino acids, ... Read More

Introduction Translation and post-translational modifications (PTMs) are two essential processes that play a critical role in the production and function of proteins in living cells. Translation is the process by which the genetic information encoded in the messenger RNA (mRNA) is converted into a functional protein. PTMs are covalent modifications that occur after translation and affect the structure, activity, localization, and stability of proteins. In this article, we will discuss translation and post-translational modifications in detail, including the steps involved, types of PTMs, and their applications. Translation Translation is a complex process that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic ... Read More

Introduction Transcription factors are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to specific sequences of DNA in a cell’s nucleus. They play an essential role in the process of transcription, which is the first step in the expression of genetic information. In this tutorial, we will explore the different types of transcription factors, their functions, and their clinical significance. What are Transcription Factors? Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences in the promoter region of a gene and regulate the initiation of transcription. They can activate or repress gene expression and play a crucial role ... Read More

Introduction The genetic code is the set of rules that determine the correspondence between nucleotide triplets (codons) and the amino acids they specify. In the language of genetics, the Stop codon or termination codon is a nucleotide triplet in mRNA that signals the end of the protein-coding sequence. Stop codons are essential for the proper termination of protein synthesis and play a vital role in the regulation of gene expression. What is Stop Codon? Stop codon, also known as termination codon, is a set of three nucleotide sequences in the messenger RNA (mRNA) that signals the end of ... Read More