Introduction The field of genetics has revolutionized the way we understand life and its processes. The discovery of DNA, the genetic material that stores and transmits hereditary information, has led to the development of a wide range of technologies and applications that have transformed the way we approach medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. One of the latest developments in the field of genetics is cybrids. Cybrids, also known as cytoplasmic hybrids or cytoplasmic transfer, are created by fusing the nucleus of one cell with the cytoplasm of another. This process can be used to create novel cell lines that have unique ... Read More

Introduction Biotransformation, also known as biocatalysts or enzyme-catalyzed transformation, is the process of using biological catalysts to modify chemical compounds. This technology has become increasingly important in recent years as a means of producing a wide range of chemical compounds, including pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, and other high-value compounds. Types of Biotransformation Biotransformation can be divided into two main categories: enzymatic and microbial. Enzymatic Biotransformation Enzymatic biotransformation involves the use of purified enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions. These enzymes can be isolated from a variety of sources, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. One example of enzymatic biotransformation is the production of ... Read More

Introduction Bioreactors are essential devices in biotechnology for the production of a range of products, including vaccines, antibiotics, biofuels, enzymes, and proteins. Bioreactors are closed systems that provide a controlled environment for the growth of microorganisms or cells. The design of bioreactors depends on the type of product, the type of microorganism, and the scale of production. Types of Bioreactors Bioreactors can be classified into different types based on their design, mode of operation, and application. The following are the main types of bioreactors − Stirred-Tank Bioreactor Stirred-tank bioreactors are the most common type of bioreactors used in industrial ... Read More

Introduction Bioadsorption is the process of removal of pollutants or toxins from a liquid or gaseous medium using biological materials. It is an effective, economical, and eco-friendly alternative to conventional methods of adsorption. Bioadsorption has been widely studied for its potential applications in wastewater treatment, removal of heavy metals, and environmental remediation. It is a complex process that involves interactions between the adsorbent material and the target pollutant. The content below provides an overview of bioadsorption, including its mechanisms, types, applications, and future prospects. Mechanisms of Bioadsorption The mechanisms of bioadsorption can be classified into two categories: physical and chemical. ... Read More

Introduction Transgenic plant breeding is a technique that can be used to develop such crop varieties. With the increase in population and decreasing arable land, there is an urgent need to develop new and improved crop varieties that are more productive and resilient to environmental stresses. In this tutorial, we will discuss what transgenic plant breeding is, how it works, and how it can be used to improve crops. What is Transgenic Plant Breeding? Transgenic plant breeding is a technique that involves the transfer of a gene from one organism to another. In the case of crop plants, the ... Read More

MAS - An Overall Understanding Marker-assisted selection (MAS) is a molecular breeding technique that enables breeders to make informed decisions about which individuals to select for future generations. The approach involves using molecular markers, such as DNA sequence variations or protein polymorphisms, to identify traits that are associated with desirable phenotypes. MAS has become an essential tool in modern plant and animal breeding, enabling the development of crops and livestock that are better suited to the changing demands of consumers and the environment. History of MAS The use of molecular markers to assist with selection in breeding dates back to ... Read More

An Insight Introgression is the transfer of genetic material from one species or population to another through repeated hybridization and backcrossing. This process can occur naturally or as a result of human intervention, and it can have both positive and negative effects on the recipient population. This article summarizes the mechanics of introgression, the factors that influence its occurrence, and the implications of introgression for conservation, agriculture, and evolution. Mechanics of Introgression Introgression occurs when a hybrid individual (the first-generation offspring of two different species or populations) interbreeds with one of the parental populations. The resulting offspring carry a mixture ... Read More

Introduction Genotyping refers to the process of identifying an individual’s genetic variations. These genetic variations can have a significant impact on an individual's susceptibility to diseases, their response to drugs, and other traits. Genotyping has become an essential tool in many fields, including medicine, forensics, and agriculture. High-throughput genotyping techniques have revolutionized the field of genotyping by allowing the analysis of millions of genetic variants in a single experiment. In this article, we will explore what genotyping is, its applications, and high-throughput genotyping techniques. What Is Genotyping? Genotyping refers to the process of determining an individual’s genetic makeup. The genetic ... Read More

Introduction Genetic mapping is the process of identifying and locating the specific regions on the genome that are associated with a particular trait or disease. The process involves analyzing the genetic variation in individuals to determine the location of genes or QTLs (quantitative trait loci) that are responsible for the trait or disease of interest. Fine mapping is an extension of genetic mapping, which aims to identify the specific variants that contribute to the trait or disease. Given below is an elaborate explanation of fine mapping, its importance, and the techniques used for fine mapping. What is Fine Mapping? ... Read More

Introduction Genetic linkage maps are graphical representations of genetic markers in a genome that are used to study the linkage and association between genes. These maps have been used to study the inheritance patterns of traits in various species, from plants to animals to humans. The construction of a genetic linkage map is a crucial step in genetic research, as it provides important information about the genetic basis of various traits. Discussed herewith is the concept of genetic linkage maps and how they are constructed. What is Genetic Linkage? Genetic linkage refers to the tendency of genes to be inherited ... Read More