Introduction The amniotic sac is a crucial component of the human reproductive system. It plays a vital role in the development and protection of the fetus during pregnancy. The amniotic sac is a fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy. It is composed of two layers: the amnion and the chorion. The amnion is the inner layer of the sac, which is filled with amniotic fluid. The chorion, on the other hand, is the outer layer that forms the placenta. In this article, we will explore what the amniotic sac is made up of, its ... Read More

Introduction Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (AHTR) is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication that can occur during a blood transfusion. AHTR occurs when the recipient’s immune system recognizes the transfused red blood cells as foreign and attacks them, causing the cells to break down and release their contents into the bloodstream. AHTR can be prevented by proper blood typing and cross-matching before transfusion, and prompt recognition and management of symptoms if they occur. AHTR is uncommon, but it can have serious consequences, including renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and death. Signs and Symptoms AHTR can occur within ... Read More

What is Biomass Torrefaction? Torrefaction is the thermal conversion process which involves the removal of moisture and other volatiles thereby increasing the energy density by roasting of wood or any other biomass and converting into coal like material. Biomass used here is mainly the lignocellulosic biomass which is obtained from the forests. Torrefaction is also called as mild pyrolysis. Torrefaction technology is developed by Bioendev Company of Sweden. This technology mainly reduces the stubble burning issues of rice fields and converts biomass into bio-coal which has better fuel characteristics than that of original biomass. Here through this technology about 65% ... Read More

What are the Hazardous Wastes and its Characteristics? Hazardous waste is the discarded solid material or liquid which contains the substances that are known to be fatal to humans or lab animals, toxic, carcinogenic to humans or other living beings, ignitable with flash point less than 60OC, corrosive, explosive or highly reactive. Hazardous wastes are the wastes that possess any of the following characteristics. Explosive - Violent reaction when combined with water. Flammable examples: alcohol, gasoline etc. Combustible Examples: propane, acetone which is common in mail remover. Oxidizing waste or waste containing organic peroxide. Poisonous. Infectious substances – From ... Read More

Introduction to Biofuels Biofuel is the any fuel which is derived from the biomass or something that is once alive. It is a crop grown by a farmer in a field which is later turned into a sugar paste or ethanol or fuel used by vehicles or machines. Both the biofuels and the normal fuels produce emissions like hydrocarbons and NOx. Since biofuels are made from the crops they consume CO2 as they grow. So when these are burned in the engine of vehicles that CO2 which was consumed is released back into the atmosphere and hence there is no ... Read More

What is Bioenergetics? Bioenergetics which includes the two terms that is bio which means “within the living organism” and energetics means “production of energy”. Bioenergetics is a field of biochemistry and cell biology that concerns with energy flow through the living systems. In a simpler way bioenergetics is defined as the study of energy transfer and utilization within the living organisms or biological systems. Human requires the constant supply of energy to power all biological processes which also includes physical activity. Concept of Free Energy Actual amount of energy which is available to do work is known as free energy ... Read More

Introduction to Viruses A branch of science dealing with the studies on viruses is referred to as Virology. Virus comes from a Latin word which means “poison”. Viruses are the smallest infectious agents or organisms whose size ranges between 20nm and 300nm in diameter. In fact the other microorganisms like Mycoplasma which is usually a bacteria is as small as about 300nm in diameter. These viruses are made up of protein shell or capsid, with or without lipid envelope and viral genome which may be either RNA or DNA. As these agents do not possess cytoplasm they do ... Read More

Introduction to Industrial Waste Due to urbanization and rapid advancements in the industrialization, it has led to an increase in the production and consumption processes resulting in the generation of wastes. These waste are the unwanted and unusable matter that is discarded after its use for main purpose. Over the years, the waste gets accumulated and causes a lot of impact on the environment and health of an individual. Treatment of waste and its management is generally intended to reduce the effect of waste for mankind. Based on the physical state of material wastes are mainly classified into different types ... Read More

What are Biofuels? Biofuels are the fuels that are produced from organic material like biomass either directly or indirectly. Biomass used here is mostly the plants material and animal waste. Use of biofuels has been in existence even before the use of petroleum oils. USA is known to be the leading manufacturer of the biofuels. Generations of Biofuels Biofuels are currently categorized into 4 different generations. First Generation Biofuels These are the most conventional type of biofuels. It has been in use before approximately 400 years. These fuels are usually made from the derivatives of food crops like sugar cane, ... Read More

Introduction to Biochemistry and its Importance Biochemistry which is also called as biological chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of chemical processes within and around the living organisms. It can also be defined as a branch of biological science that deals with the study of biochemical reactions by involving biomolecules like nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. It is also known to be the hybrid branch of organic chemistry that specializes in chemical processes and chemical transformation inside a living cell. A chemical process is the one in which the reactants react to form a ... Read More