Introduction Crops breeding plays an important role in agriculture. Crop breeding is practised for the improvement of plants that benefit us. To make the crops nutritious and more productive breeds have worked enormously. The farmers always selected the plants which can produce larger seeds, better fruit quality, and other good traits. This has been done through plant breeding which has been practised by farmers for a long time. Nowadays both scientists and farmers work together to breed plants. Biofortification is the process of amplifying the nutritional quality of breeding food crops. It is an upcoming cost-effective and sustainable technique ... Read More

Introduction Angiosperms represent a large group of seed-bearing vascular land plants. It is the last clade of plants, with around 260, 000 species of plants on Earth. It is the most advanced group of plants with several special characteristics. With flowers as one of the unique characteristics of this group, Angiosperms are also called “flowering plants''. Also diverse from Gymnosperms with exposed seeds, this group of plants have enclosed seeds. Images Coming soon Characteristics of angiosperms Presence of a true flower and fruits. Carpels fully enclose ovules which get converted to future seeds. The carpels are distinguished into ... Read More

Introduction All animals, whether unicellular or multicellular, perform various metabolic activities known as life processes. In different processes, toxic substances are produced in the body. These waste substances have to be eliminated from the body to avoid accumulation. The excretory system is responsible for removing waste from the body, thereby maintaining homeostasis. Different animals excrete distinct waste products and are categorized as Ureotelic − Urea(less toxic) examples-Mammals and amphibians Uricotelic − Uric acid (least toxic) examples- Birds, reptiles, and insects. Ammonotelic − Ammonia (highly toxic) examples- Freshwater, aquatic animals. What is Ammonotelism? Certain organisms like amoeba, protozoa, ... Read More

Introduction The changes are divided into stages called infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age. In each stage, there are different types of behaviors and physical changes.-In infancy. We acquire basic skills like sucking, crawling, sitting up, and walking. We learn to communicate by making sounds and gestures. By the end of this stage, we begin to talk. In childhood, we develop our abilities to think more complexly. We learn how to take care of ourselves and make friends. We start school, but at the same time, we enjoy playing games with our friends.-In adolescence, we mature into adults. ... Read More

Introduction The thyroid gland doesn't produce enough hormones, which is a condition known as hypothyroidism. It's characterized by a butterfly-shaped growth in the neck that's easiest to feel when you swallow. In fact, the thyroid is so easy to feel that most people don't know they have a problem until they undergo a routine thyroid checkup. Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to heart problems, infertility, muscle weakness, weight gain, and depression. But if you catch it early enough, it's easily treatable with regular hormone injections or an oral medication that replaces your body's natural thyroid hormones. Images Coming soon ... Read More

Introduction The hypothalamus is an important part of the brain. It is a gland-like organ that performs many functions. It works with the pituitary gland to help control blood pressure, temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep cycles, and emotions. The hypothalamus controls body temperature by vasoconstriction or vasodilation to the skin. Vasoconstriction means that blood vessels restrict flow to the skin. This prevents heat from escaping outwards toward the atmosphere. Vasodilation means that blood vessels enlarge and allow more blood to reach the skin. The blood brings heat from deeper within the body towards the surface of the skin so that ... Read More

Introduction Hypogeal germination is a term used to describe the germination of a plant from a seed planted underground, as opposed to above ground. This type of germination is most commonly seen in plants that grow in the ground or in soil. The "Hypogeal" comes from a Greek word meaning "under". When most people think of plants and seeds, they think of germination above ground. But if you look at a flower stalk or fruit tree, you will notice that some seeds are hidden underground. Some of these seeds have special adaptations that allow them to be planted and ... Read More

Introduction Hypocalcaemia also referred to as low blood calcium levels, is a medical condition that occurs when your body doesn't have enough calcium. Calcium is an essential mineral that plays several important roles in the body. It helps build and maintain strong bones and teeth, assists with the growth of muscles and nerves, regulates the release of hormones and enzymes, promotes proper heart function, supports efficient and healthy blood clotting, ensures normal blood pressure levels, maintains a healthy immune system response, and contributes to fluid balance within the body. Calcium is also important for the proper function of your ... Read More

Introduction Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. The thyroid gland, located at the base of the neck just below Adam's apple, produces hormones that control the body's metabolism. A person with hyperthyroidism has an overactive thyroid gland, which sets off a chain reaction of symptoms. The most common symptoms include increased heart rate (tachycardia), abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia), muscle weakness or tremor (tremor), insomnia, weight loss, sweating, and heat intolerance. If you're feeling more anxious, irritable, or moody than usual, it could be a sign of hyperthyroidism. Images Coming soon Other common ... Read More

Introduction When the blood pressure in your arteries is too high, you have hypertension (high blood pressure). 120/80 (systolic/diastolic pressure) is the ideal range for this force, which is referred to as pressure. If you have hypertension, that means that your blood pressure is consistently 140/90 or higher. Blood pressure can also be measured using higher numbers, such as 150/95, but your doctor will likely consider 140/90 to be "high." Images Coming soon The long-term goal for people with hypertension should be to get their blood pressure down to below 130/80. Hypertension raises a person's risk of cardiovascular ... Read More