Introduction Respiration is one of the vital processes in our body that supports life. It is a process through which energy stored in the food is converted into chemical energy which is a source of fuel for the body and provides energy to the body. Respiration at the cellular level is called cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is a type of catabolic reaction in which large molecules are converted into smaller ones and provide energy for maintaining activities at the cellular level. What is Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration involves a series of metabolic reactions in which biochemical energy is produced ... Read More

Introduction Chilli is a perennial shrub and is mainly used as a spice. They grow at a maximum height of approximately 1.5 meters. The stem of the chilli is fleshy, and erect and the base is woody in nature. The leaves are wide and not equal in shape and the tips of the leaves are pointed. Generally, chilli flowers contain five to six petals each and are bisexual. The fruit is hollow and contains numerous seeds. The chilli has different colours that vary from green, orange, white, yellow and red. The botanical name of chilli is Capsicum frutescens. In this ... Read More

Introduction Chickenpox is one of the most typical childhood diseases. Chickenpox can affect anyone at any age, even though most individuals get it between the ages of 3 and 6. In youngsters, the sickness is rather minor, but it can be very dangerous in grownups. The condition's initial symptoms, or indicators, include slight coughing, nasal congestion, and low-grade fever. In addition to not eating properly, the person may also have migraines and tiredness. Red spots start to show up on the body and skin about a week after being infected with the virus that causes the illness. Symptoms The ... Read More

Introduction Hens may survive for 8 to 10 years, and the majority of flocks will lay eggs for three years. Each year, there is a decline in egg production, egg shape, and shell condition. Most advertising layers are managed to keep for approximately two to three years because, after that, their egg production starts to decline. Owners should plan to retire elderly hens and introduce young hens every three to four years to maintain a small flock production. Important Features A domesticated subspecies of the untamed red junglefowl, the chicken is a bird that belongs to the Phasianidae family and ... Read More

Introduction The chemotrophs gain their energy from the oxidation of the molecules they have in their environments. Among them, the chemoorganotrophs oxidize the organic and the chemolithotrophs oxidize the inorganic compounds. The chemotrophs indirectly use light energy i.e., they use the stored energy of the ATPs. They are also divided into chemoautotrophic and chemoheterotrophic. The chemoautotrophs gains energy by the chemical reactions to synthesize all the organic compound commencing carbon dioxide. They can use inorganic sources of energy such as essential sulfur, molecular hydrogen, ferrous iron, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia. Most of them live in deep-sea vents and ... Read More

Introduction: Chemical Nursery The speculation around the origin of life on earth is one of the most sought-after mysteries. The theory of special creation according to which a higher being has created life in the form that we know today, has been around since time immemorial. However, this theory has not found acceptance in the scientific world. Ancient Greek thinkers like Aristotle, Plato, Thales, etc., advocated the theory of spontaneous generation from non-living matter. This is known as abiogenesis. However, this theory was discarded after individual experiments conducted by Spallanzani, Redi, and Pasteur. The theory of biogenesis attracted much attention. ... Read More

Introduction Our body produces special chemical messengers called hormones, which are imperative in ensuring an efficient system of coordination and control, along with the nervous system. Different types of hormones are produced by a variety of different endocrine glands, across the body. These hormones ensure normal and efficient functioning. What are these hormones, and how are they produced? Are they always present in the blood, at all times, or is their production regulated? What is an Endocrine System? The endocrine system is an essential regulatory system of the body. It comprises glands that lack ducts, i.e., the endocrine system ... Read More

Introduction Lipoproteins contain both fats and proteins. They are found in both soluble complexes (egg yolk, mammalian blood plasma, etc.) and insoluble ones like cell membranes. It carries cholesterol and triglycerides to different cells of the body. Apart from the genetic condition, lipoproteins levels may be increased due to the intake of excess fats, and some other medical conditions. In this tutorial, we will learn about lipoproteins in depth. Different Forms of Lipoproteins Lipoproteins are round in shape and constitute fats and proteins. It transports cholesterol, a type of lipid in the bloodstream. Cholesterol and triglycerides are two types of ... Read More

Introduction Lysosome is an important membrane-bound cell organelle that is present in the eukaryotic cell of animals. The area that is present between the membrane is called the lumen. The lumen is acidic in nature due to its pH level which lies between 4.5 to 6. It contains digestive enzymes that help in the breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids. In addition to this, lysosomes are engaged in various processes of cells like metabolism of energy, waste discharge, cell signaling, cell membrane repair, etc. The lysosome is also known as the suicide bag of the cell. Lysosomal Diseases ... Read More

Introduction Gonadotropins are heterodimeric peptide hormones that are released by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Gonadotropin hormones include Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). FSH and LH are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland while hCG is produced by the placenta. GnRH is the hormone that significantly controls the level of FSH and LH, and is produced by the hypothalamus. These hormones except GnRH consist of the dipeptide chain- alpha and beta. The Alpha chain in all three hormones shares homogeneity while the beta chain is unique having specific receptivity. Follicle-stimulating Hormone ... Read More