Introduction All living organisms possess cells. It is most important structurally, biologically, and functionally. Cells are either unicellular or multicellular. By division, cells increase in number and form all the structures in the body. There are three essential parts that are present in a cell, namely, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. The cell is surrounded by a thin selective membrane which is known as a plasma membrane. The cytoplasm is a semiliquid substance where cell organelles are present. It is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus. The cell was discovered by Robert Hook in 1665, In this tutorial, ... Read More

Introduction Aquatic ecosystems cover almost 70% of the earth's surface. An aquatic ecosystem comprises two habitats: freshwater and marine habitats. The freshwater habitats contain low salt content. It includes ponds, lakes, streams, wetlands, swamps, and rivers. Marine habitats contain relatively high salt. Water is an inevitable part of our life. It is used for drinking, bathing, washing as well in agriculture, electricity production, etc. Without water, it is not possible to sustain life. Water scarcity is the restricted use of freshwater. In this tutorial, we will learn about water scarcity in depth. What is Water Scarcity? Water scarcity is one ... Read More

Introduction Almost every activity produces some kind of waste. Every year the amount of waste produced by the community is greater than the amount of waste managed by the community and this is a very alarming situation for the environment. About 277 million tons of waste is produced by America only. There are many kinds of waste such as radiological, chemical, and biological waste which cannot be managed by the community itself nor even the facilities provided by the waste management. What is Waste Management? Waste is any undesirable substance produced which is of no use. Waste ... Read More

Introduction Hygiene and Sanitation are the two most important concepts and they are very essential in everyday life. It is important that one have to follow well hygiene and sanitation for maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It is important to maintain good personal hygiene and hand washing because it will help to prevent the spread of illness and diseases. Hygiene and sanitation is the most important because it helps during times of emergency and natural disaster. What is Hygiene? Hygiene refers to the science of health and how to maintain it. It can also be described as a practice or condition ... Read More

Introduction Natural selection can help to explain the diversity of life on earth. On the other hand, biological evolution refers to the change in inherited characteristics over successive generations in populations of organisms. Biological evolution has completely different characteristics than natural selection. Natural selection is the cause or the mechanism that helps in the evolution. For existing in this system, being adopted is the first thing that any living organism went through. Biological evolution is the main thing that plays a key role in the selection process. What is Natural Selection? Natural selection is a process of the nature that ... Read More

Introduction The increasing rate of the population all over the world is the principal reason for building several national parks and sanctuaries. In order to accommodate the huge population and the aggressive nature of human beings, the animals are kept in national parks and sanctuaries. A natural park mainly looks after the sustainability of the natural environment while the sanctuary mainly looks after the suitability of the different animals. What are national parks and sanctuaries? National parks refers to a particular area that is built for maintaining the natural environment and is fully looked after by the government. In this ... Read More

Introduction Mycology deals with the classification and taxonomy of fungus or fungi. It also includes the research on fungi’s biochemical and genetic properties. It also determines their importance and benefits in various fields including the food production industry, medication, and agriculture. Fungi are mainly used in traditional medicine production and food production. It helps in the production of wine, beer, bread, cheese, and curd. The types of mycology include several branches like forensic mycology, lichenology, and Ethnolichenology among others. What is Mycology? Heinrich Anton de Bary is the father of Mycology. He was a famous German botanist, who had researched ... Read More

Introduction Natural disasters are considered as the negative impact of natural hazards that significantly harms the community and nature. It can be measured by the loss of lives and economical damage. The damage depends on the location of the disaster and the infrastructure they have. The most common example of a natural disaster is earthquakes, droughts, storms, floods, volcanic activity, extreme temperature, landslide, and wildfires. In this world, the biggest natural disaster is known as the 1931’s Yangtze river floods, it was caused because of the excessive rainfall over the central of china. What are Natural Disasters? Figure 1: ... Read More

Introduction Myasthenia Gravis (disease) is derived from a significant Latin word that depicts grave muscle weakness. Circulation of antibodies is associated with this disease. This type of circulation process causes nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This disease affects the muscle joints. The associated antibodies are found to deter motor neurons that resist them from signalling necessary signals to the muscles and as a result, severe contraction takes place. What is Myasthenia Gravis? In Myasthenia Gravis disease, breakdown take place in the communication between muscles and nerves which causes severe difficulties in handling the normal process of the body parts. A range of ... Read More

Introduction Mutualism is a mutual kind of relationship, that is often found amongst all living organisms. In mutualism, all living organisms such as humans, animals, and birds are engaged. Some of the important microorganisms, such as fungi, viruses and bacteria’s are engaged in this process at certain stages in their life circle. What is mutualism? Mutualism is an important process in which a specific type of relationship between symbiont and a host is associated. In this process, both of the engaged organisms are benefited as no such harmful actions are carried out by any of the organisms. This mutual interaction ... Read More