Introduction The procedure of giving birth to a baby as well as the placenta from uterus through vagina is known as parturition. This phase is mainly seen between the labour to the process of delivery. Parturition takes place around 38 weeks after completing fertilization. During this process, the lactation process starts. What are Parturition and Lactation? After gestation, the procedure is completed with the help of an embryo that takes more than 270 days for the procedure of baby birth. At the time of giving birth to a newborn baby, there are some contractions that are powerful in the muscles ... Read More

Introduction Skin is one of the sense organs of our body. The skin is a protective barrier that covers our entire body. The skin acts as a protective, excretive, and absorptive organ. Apart from this, it regulates body temperature. Sometimes the skin is affected by a wide variety of germs like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Some infections in the skin require immediate medical attention. Ringworm is one of the most familiar infections of the skin caused by fungus. What is a ringworm? Ringworm is one of the most familiar infections of the skin as well as nails caused by ... Read More

Introduction Viruses are ubiquitous infectious agents containing genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. Genetic material is either DNA or RNA. Retroviruses contain RNA as the genetic material and are grouped under the family Retroviridae. Retroviruses have become the subject of interest with the discovery of the enzyme called reverse transcriptase. Its discovery by Temin and Baltimore has led to the identification of a new family of viruses “Retroviridae” that was not known till then. Retroviruses have distinguishing characteristics that mark them different from other viruses. They are known to cause infections, cancers, and inflammatory diseases in humans. What is ... Read More

Introduction The respiratory system is one of the major biological systems which helps in the breathing process. The respiratory system helps in gaseous exchange along with the removal of waste from the blood. To check the condition of the respiratory system we should understand some parameters related to the lungs. These parameters are nothing but respiratory capacity and lung volumes. What is Respiratory System ? A respiratory system is a group of organs involved in breathing by exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide. The respiratory system involves many parts of the body including the nose, mouth, throat, trachea, bronchi, lungs, ... Read More

Introduction The basic requirements for the origin of life were created by the formation of the earth and its initial environment. These provided the initial raw material and the essential conditions that were needed to interact together and to form organic molecules that favour life. It was believed that our universe came into existence some 15 billion years ago with a big bang that was a thermonuclear expansion of a huge entity. Scientists believe that our solar system came into existence around 4-5 billion years ago and that the planets were formed by the spinning cloud of cosmic dust and ... Read More

Introduction Different processes take place inside the body for proper functioning. As a result of various processes happening inside our body, metabolic wastes will be produced and are needed to be removed. Excretion helps in the removal of unwanted substances from our bodies. The kidney is considered to be the primary excretory organ. Its main function is to filter the blood and remove excretory products, especially urea in the form of urine. A pair of ureters come out from each kidney that transports urine to the urinary bladder. From the urinary bladder, the urethra arises helping the bladder to expel ... Read More

What are Microfilaments ? Fibers found in the cytoplasm of cells support cell shape and mobility as well as likely serve as anchoring sites for other cellular structures. These fibers are referred to as the cytoskeleton when grouped. Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are the 3 kinds of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton, with microfilaments being the smallest. Actin, the utmost prevalent protein in the majority of animal cells, is a component of microfilaments also called actin filaments. Actin protein subunits that make up the microfilaments are tiny (7 nm) molecules that polymerize to create elongated actin filaments which ... Read More

Introduction All living organisms possess cells. It is most important structurally, biologically, and functionally. By division of cells, they increase the numbers and form all the structures in the body. There are three essential parts present in a cell, namely the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Cell organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Different cell organelles that are present in the cytoplasm have different functions. Microbodies are cell organelles that are present both in plant and animal cells. In this tutorial, we will learn about microbodies in depth. What are Microbodies? The term microbody was introduced and discovered by scientists ... Read More

Introduction The animal kingdom is large and extremely diverse. Classifying them is necessary to know and understand in spite of their large size. Classification allows an easier understanding of the complexity, evolution patterns, and interrelationships among animals. Primarily animals are classified based on the presence or absence of vertebral column.Vertebrates are those having a vertebral column and invertebrates are with no vertebral column. Invertebrate phyla include Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, and Echinodermata. Vertebrate phyla include Phylum Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia. Members of phylum Mammalia are called mammals and are the most advanced members of the ... Read More

Introduction A point of connection between two or more bones can be referred to as a joint. The joint helps in movement and provides firmness to the pelvis and skull structures. These joints can show no movement, slight movement, or full movement. Joints can be categorized into synovial joints, fibrous joints, and cartilaginous joints. Cartilaginous joints are the ones that join two or more joints together. Two types of cartilaginous joints exist - primary cartilaginous joints and secondary cartilaginous joints. What are Cartilaginous Joints? Cartilaginous joints are the special type of joints in which two bones are connected by ... Read More