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An identifier in a Python program is name given to various elements in it, such as keyword, variable, function, class, module, package etc. An identifier should start with either an alphabet (lower or upper case) or underscore (_). More than one alpha-numeric characters or underscore may follow.Keywords are predefined. They are in lowercase. They can not be used for any other purpose.By convention, name of class starts with uppercase alphabet. Whereas others start with lowercase alphabet.Single underscore in the beginning of a variable name is used to indicate a private variable.Two underscores in beginning indicate that the variable is strongly ... Read More

For a pure python module you can find the location of the source files by looking at the module.__file__. For example,  >>> import mymodule >>> mymodule.__file__ C:/Users/Ayush/mymodule.py  Many built in modules, however, are written in C, and therefore module.__file__ points to a .so file (there is no module.__file__ on Windows), and therefore, you can't see the source. You can manually go and check the PYTHONPATH variable contents to find the directories from where these built in modules are being imported.  Running "python -v"from the command line tells you what is being imported and from where. This is useful if you want to ... Read More

The function reload(moduleName) reloads a previously loaded module (assuming you loaded it with the syntax "importmoduleName" without exiting the script. It is intended for conversational use, where you have edited the source file for a module and want to test it without leaving Python and starting it again. For example, >>> import mymodule >>> # Edited mymoduleand want to reload it in this script >>> reload(mymodule)Note that the moduleName is the actual name of the module, not a string containing its name. The python docs state following about reload function: Python modules’ code is recompiled and the module-level code re-executed, defining ... Read More

For a pure python module you can find the location of the source files by looking at the module.__file__. For example, >>> import mymodule >>> mymodule.__file__ C:/Users/Ayush/mymodule.py  Many built-in modules, however,are written in C, and therefore module.__file__ points to a .so file (there is no module.__file__ on Windows), and therefore, you can't see the source. Running "python -v"from the command line tells you what is being imported and from where. This is useful if you want to know the location of built-in modules.

You can use the PDFMiner package to convert PDF to text.ExampleYou can use it in the following way:  import sys from cStringIO import StringIO  from pdfminer.pdfpage importPDFPage from pdfminer.pdfinterp importPDFResourceManager, PDFPageInterpreter from pdfminer.layout importLAParams from pdfminer.converter importXMLConverter, HTMLConverter, TextConverter  def pdfparser(data):     fp = file(data, 'rb')     resource_manager = PDFResourceManager()     retstr = StringIO()     codec = 'utf-8'     laparams = LAParams()     device = TextConverter(resource_manager, retstr, codec=codec, laparams=laparams)     interpreter =PDFPageInterpreter(resource_manager, device)       # Process each page contained in thedocument.     for page in PDFPage.get_pages(fp):         interpreter.process_page(page) ... Read More

When you install Python, you also get the Python package manager, pip. You can use pip to get the versions of python modules. If you want to list all installed Python modules with their version numbers, use the following command:$ pip freezeYou will get the output:asn1crypto==0.22.0 astroid==1.5.2 attrs==16.3.0 Automat==0.5.0 backports.functools-lru-cache==1.3 cffi==1.10.0 ...To individually find the version number you can grep on this output on *NIX machines. For example:$ pip freeze | grep PyMySQL PyMySQL==0.7.11On windows, you can use findstr instead of grep. For example:PS C:\> pip freeze | findstr PyMySql PyMySQL==0.7.11If you want to know the version of a module ... Read More

There are multiple ways to get a list of locally installed Python modules. Easiest way is using the Python shell, for example, >>> help('modules') Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules... BaseHTTPServer      brain_nose          markupbase          stat Bastion             brain_numpy         marshal             statvfs CGIHTTPServer       brain_pkg_resources math                string Canvas              brain_pytest        matplotlib       ... Read More

The function reload(moduleName) reloads a previously loaded module (assuming you loaded it with the syntax "import moduleName". It is intended for conversational use, where you have edited the source file for a module and want to test it without leaving Python and starting it again. For example, >>> import mymodule >>> # Edited mymodule and want to reload it in this script >>> reload(mymodule)Note that the moduleName is the actual name of the module, not a string containing its name. In Python 3, reload was moved from builtins to imp. So to use reload in Python 3, you'd have to ... Read More

locals() returns you a dictionary of variables declared in the local scope while globals() returns you a dictionary of variables declared in the global scope. At global scope, both locals() and globals() return the same dictionary to global namespace. To notice the difference between the two functions, you can call them from within a function. For example, def fun():     var = 123     print "Locals: ", locals()     print "Vars: ", vars()     print "Globals: ", globals() fun()This will give the output:Locals:  {'var': 123} Globals:  {'__builtins__': , '__name__': '__main__', 'fun': , '__doc__': None, '__package__': None}vars() ... Read More

Namespace is a way to implement scope. In Python, each package, module, class, function and method function owns a "namespace" in which variable names are resolved. When a function,  module or package is evaluated (that is, starts execution), a namespace is created. Think of it as an "evaluation context". When a function, etc., finishes execution, the namespace is dropped. The variables are dropped. Plus there's a global namespace that's used if the name isn't in the local namespace.Each variable name is checked in the local namespace (the body of the function, the module, etc.), and then checked in the global ... Read More