Found 27104 Articles for Server Side Programming

There are no 'private variables' in Python classes as such. All variables and methods in Python are public by default. There is sometimes an emulation of private variables by using the double underscore __ prefix to the variable's names. This makes these variables invisible or not easily visible outside of the class that contains them. This is achieved through name mangling. These 'private variables' are not really secure or private because they can be accessed by using certain workaround code. So prefixing the variable names with single underscore _ (semiprivate) and double underscore __ (fully private) makes them difficult to ... Read More

The object-oriented procedural programming, including the ideas of classes and objects, is well supported by Python. It offers a crystal-clear program structure and simple code modification. The code can be reused and offers many benefits of abstractions, encapsulation, and polymorphism due to the class's shareability. A Python class is a "blueprint" for creating objects in Python is a class. Getting Class name of an instance in Python To determine a Python instance's class name there are two ways − Using the type() function and __name__ function. Using the combination of the __class__ and __name__. A unique built-in variable ... Read More

In OOP languages methods are a piece of code that can perform a specific task to produce a desired output. Methods are created inside classes and are invoked or called by objects of the class. Methods are extremely useful in programming as they provide modularity to code by breaking a complex code into manageable blocks. Methods can function independently of other methods, thus making it easy to check individual functionality within a program. Method chaining in Python Methods chaining is a style of programming in which invoking multiple method calls occurs sequentially. It removes the pain of assigning variables at ... Read More

From the Python documentation −Class objects support two kinds of operations: attribute references and instantiation.Attribute references use the standard syntax used for all attribute references in Python: obj.name. Valid attribute names are all the names that were in the class’s namespace when the class object was created. So, if the class definition looked like this −class MyClass: """A simple example class""" i = 12345 def f(self): return 'hello world'then MyClass.i and MyClass.f are valid attribute references, returning an integer and a function object, respectively. Class attributes can also be assigned to, so you can change the value of MyClass.i by ... Read More

A class is a group of items. It is a logical entity with a few unique attributes and methods. For instance, if you have a class for Cricket, it should have an attribute and method like players, tournaments, toss, runs, wickets, matches, etc. Use the keyword ‘class’ to create a class. Example: Following is a simple example of a class − Create the class named ‘Python’ and give it the property a − class Python: a = 36 This article demonstrates the following different ways to dynamically load a Python class. Using getattr() function The named attribute of ... Read More

In this article we are going to discuss how to handle the circular dependency between Python classes. First of all, let us understand what is circular dependency. When two or more modules depend on one another, this is known as a circular dependency. This is because each module is defined in terms of the other module. Following is an example of circular dependency functionE(): functionF() And functionF(): functionE() The code shown above clearly shows a circular dependency. FunctionA() calls functionB(), which depends on it, and functionB() calls functionA().There are some apparent issues ... Read More

Python code is organized in files called "modules" and groups of related modules called “packages".A module is a distinct unit that may have one or more closely-related classes. Modules need to be imported before they are read, used, maintained and extended if needed. So a module is a unit or reuse.The rule is this: a module is the unit of reuse. Everything in Python libraries and other Python applications is either a module or a package of modules.There is no limit on how many classes one can put in a file or a module. It all depends on how big ... Read More

An abstract class can contain both abstract and non-abstract methods, whereas an Interface can have only abstract methods. Abstract classes are extended, while Interfaces are implemented. Read through this article to find out the other differences between an Abstract Class and an Interface and how they are used in real programs.What is an Abstract Class?An abstract class acts as a template that stores the methods and data members of a program. You should use an abstract class when you expect that it will inherited by different sub-classes with common methods and fields.Abstract classes may or may not contain abstract methods, ... Read More

Using comparison operators, we may compare various data types in Python. When creating custom classes, we are unable to simply compare them using the comparison operators. This article will go over various approaches to verify equivalence ("equality") in Python classes. Equality of class objects The == operator makes it simple to determine whether two built-in objects, such as strings or integers, are equal. This is demonstrated in the example below. Example Following is an example of == operator − char1 = 365 char2 = 83 result = char1 == char2 print("{} and {} are equivalent to each other:{}".format(char1, char2, result)) ... Read More

In Python 2.x there's two styles of classes depending on the presence or absence of a built-in type as a base-class −"classic" style or old style classes have no built-in type as a base class: >>> class OldSpam:      # no base class ...     pass >>> OldSpam.__bases__ ()"New" style classes: they have a built-in type as a base class meaning that, directly or indirectly, they have object as a base class −>>> class NewSpam(object):           # directly inherit from object ...    pass >>> NewSpam.__bases__ (, ) >>> class IntSpam(int):       ... Read More