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R Programming Articles
Page 83 of 174
How to X-axis labels to the top of the plot using ggplot2 in R?
Usually, a plot created in R or any of the statistical analysis software have X-axis labels on the bottom side but we might be interested in showing them at the top of the plot. It can be done for any type of two-dimensional plot whether it is a scatterplot, bar plot, etc. This is possible by using scale_x_continuous function of ggplot2 package in R.Exampleset.seed(123) x
Read MoreHow to change the color of bars of a bar plot using ggplot2 in R?
The default color of the bars created by using ggplot2 package is grey but we can change that color to any depending on our interest. This change is highly required in professions such as academic writing and analytics because everyone wants to look at attractive images. They are not meant to be useful if you just want to learn the concept but when it comes to practical, you need to do it as attractive images gets more attention, thus, they become memorable. To change the color of the bars in ggplot2, we can use fill argument of geom_bar function.ExampleConsider the ...
Read MoreHow to plot multiple time series using ggplot2 in R?
For a one point of time, we might have multiple time series data, this could be weather for multiple cities, price variation in multiple products, demand expectancy at different locations, or anything that changes with time and measured for multiple things or locations. If we have such type of time series data then we would be needing to plot that data in a single plot and it can be done with the help of geom_line function of ggplot2 package.ExampleConsider the below data frames −> x1 y1 df1 df1Output x1 y1 1 1 -0.1165387 2 2 -0.9084062 3 3 0.4696637 4 ...
Read MoreHow to create vector in R with a sequence of numbers?
Creating a numeric vector is the first step towards learning R programming and there are many ways to do that but if we want to generate a sequence of number then it is a bit different thing, not totally different. We can create a vector with a sequence of numbers by using − if the sequence of numbers needs to have only the difference of 1, otherwise seq function can be used.Example> x1 x1Output[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 [26] ...
Read MoreHow to change the background color of a plot created by using plot function in R?
To change the focus of a plot we can do multiple things and one such thing is changing the background of the plot. If the background color of a plot is different than white then obviously it will get attention of the readers because this is unusual as most of the times the plots have white backgrounds, hence if we want to attract readers on the plot then we might use this technique. It can be done by using par(bg= "color_name").ExampleCreating a simple histogram −> x hist(x)OutputExampleCreating histogram with different background colors −> par(bg="green") > hist(x)Output> par(bg="yellow") > hist(x)Outputpar(bg="blue") > ...
Read MoreHow to select the first and last row based on group column in an R data frame?
Extraction of data is necessary in data analysis because extraction helps us to keep the important information about a data set. This important information could be the first row and the last row of groups as well, also we might want to use these rows for other type of analysis such as comparing the initial and last data values among groups. We can extract or select the first and last row based on group column by using slice function of dplyr package.ExampleConsider the below data frame: > x1 x2 df1 head(df1, 12)Output x1 x2 1 1 3 2 1 4 ...
Read MoreHow to represent X-axis label of a bar plot with greater than equal to or less than equal to sign using ggplot2 in R?
The values of the categorical variable can be represented by numbers, by characters, by a combination of numbers and characters, by special characters, by numerical signs or any other method. But when we create the bar plot, if the size of a label name is large then we might want to reduce it by representing it with a different word or character or sign that gives the same meaning and it can be done by using expression argument inside scale_x_discrete.ExampleConsider the below data frame −> x y df dfOutput x y 1 0 25 2 100 28 3 150 ...
Read MoreHow to display the legend of a bar plot in a colored box in R?
When we create a bar plot or any other plot with legend, the background of the legend is white but it can be changed to any color with the help of scales package. We can make changes in the legend of a plot using alpha in legend.background argument of theme function. This will help us to change the background color of the legend.Example> x y df dfOutput x y 1 0 25 2 100 28 3 150 32 4 200 25Creating a bar plot with legend −> library(ggplot2) > ggplot(df, aes(x, y, fill=x))+geom_bar(stat="identity")OutputChanging the background color of the legend ...
Read MoreHow to add a new column to represent the percentage for groups in an R data frame?
In data analysis, we often need to find the percentage of values that exists in a data group. This helps us to understand which value occurs frequently and which one has low frequency. Also, plotting of percentages through pie charts can be done and that gives a better view of the data to the readers. Adding a new column as percentage for groups is not a challenge if we can use mutate function of dplyr package, here you will get the examples from that.Example1> Gender Salary df2 df2Output Gender Salary 1 Male 41734 2 Male 39035 3 Male ...
Read MoreHow to find the mean of corresponding elements of multiple matrices in R?
If the elements of multiple matrices represent the same type of characteristic then we might want to find the mean of those elements. For example, if we have matrices M1, M2, M3, and M4 stored in a list and the first element represent the rate of a particular thing, say Rate of decay of rusty iron during rainy season, then we might want to find the mean of first element of matrix M1, M2, M3, and M4. This mean can be found by using Reduce function.ExampleConsider the below matrices and their list −> M1 M1Output [, 1] [, 2] [, ...
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