To display infinity symbol in base R plot, we can use text function and expression function. Inside expression function we can put infinity word for the display of infinity. For Example, if we want to display infinity at position X=2 and Y=4 then we can use the below mentioned command −text(2, 4, expression(infinity))Example 1To display infinity symbol in base R plot, use the snippet given below −plot(1:10, type="n") text(5, 5, expression(infinity))OutputIf you execute the above given snippet, it generates the following Output −Example 2To display infinity symbol in base R plot, use the snippet given below −plot(1:10, type="n") text(5, 5, ... Read More

To subtract all values in a vector from all values in another vector in R, we can use sapply function with subtraction sign.For Example, if we have two vectors say X and Y and we want to subtract all values in Y from all values in X then we can use the command given below −sapply(X,"-",Y)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To find the sum of corresponding elements in all matrix’s stored in a list in R, we can use Reduce function with plus sign. For Example, if we have a list called LIST that contains multiple matrices and we want to find the sum of corresponding elements then we can use the command given below −Reduce("+",LIST)Check out the below Examples to understand how it works.Example 1To find the sum of corresponding elements in all matrix’s stored in a list in R, use the following snippet −List

To find the sum of all array elements in R, we can use Reduce function with plus sign. For Example, if we have an array called ARRAY and we want to find the sum of all values in this array then we can use the command Reduce("+",ARRAY).Check out the below Examples to understand how it works.Example 1To find the sum of all array elements in R use the snippet given below −Array1

To extract a data frame column values as a vector by matching a vector in R, we can use subsetting with %in% operator.For Example, if we have a data frame called df having a column say C and a vector V and we want to extract values in C if they match with V then we can use the command given below −df[df$C %in% V,"C"]Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame and vector −x1

To add single quotes to strings in an R data frame column, we can use paste0 function. This will cover the strings with single quotes from both the sides but we can add them at the initial or only at the last position.To add them on both the sides, we can use the following syntax −Data_frame$Column

To change the name of single column using setNames, we would need to specify the column name that needs to be changed.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains three columns say Var1, var2, and Var3 and we want to change var2 to Var2 then we can use the command as follows −setNames(df,replace(names(df),names(df)=="var2","Var2"))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x

When we write a long number in R, by default the printed output of that number is in scientific notation. To stop this printing behavior we can use sprint function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X having long numbers then we can stop printing of these numbers in scientific notation by using the below given command −df$X

Sometimes a variable has a character associated with the numerical values such as variable name etc. If we want to associate a character to numbers then paste0 function can be used.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X then we can associate X to each value in the column by using the command given below −df$X

To remove only the first duplicate row by group, we can use filter function of dplyr package with duplicated function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a grouping column say Grp then removal of only first duplicate row by group can be done by using the below command as follows −df%>%group_by(Grp)%>%filter(duplicated(Grp)|n()==1)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −Group