To minus every element of a vector with every element of another vector, we can use outer function by defining the subtraction sign.For example, if we have two vectors say x and y and we want to minus every element in x from every element in y then we can use the below mentioned command −outer(x,y,`-`)Example 1Following snippet creates a sample vector −x1

To change the name of data frames stored in an R list, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a list of data frames.Then, use names function to change the name of data frames.ExampleCreate the list of data framesUsing data.frame function to create data frames and list function to create the list of those data frames −df1

To find the frequency of particular value in rows of an R data frame, we can use mutate function of dplyr package along with rowSums function.For example, if we have a data frame called df then we can find the number of 5’s in each row of df by using the below command −df%>%mutate(Number_of_Fives=rowSums(.==1))Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To replace numbers written in words with numbers in an R data frame column, we can use within function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X having numbers from 1 to 5 written in words then we can convert them into numbers by using the below command −within(df,X

To find the column maximum if some columns are categorical in R data frame, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame.Then, use numcolwise function from plyr package to find the column maximum if some columns are categorical.Example 1Create the data frameLet’s create a data frame as shown below −Group

A dichotomous column can be represented by words such as Yes/No, Good/Bad, Right/Wrong etc. To replace such words with number, say 1 and 0 we can use ifelse function.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column Binary with Yes and No values then we can replace Yes with 1 and No with 0 by using the below command −df$Binary

To find the cumulative sum for each row in an R data frame, we would need to read the data frame as a data.table object and then Reduce function will be used with accumulate argument.For Example, if we have a data frame called df and we want to find the cumulative sum for each row in df then we can use the below mentioned command −setDT(df)[,names(df):=Reduce("+",df,accumulate=TRUE)]Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x1

To create a histogram for uniform data in R, we can simply use hist function but the bars size may vary even if the frequency is same. Therefore, for this purpose, we need to define the breaks as shown in the below example.ExampleTo create a histogram for uniform data in R, use the code given below −hist(1:6)OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To create a histogram for uniform data in R, use the code given below −hist(1:8) OutputIf you execute the above given code, it generates the following output −To create a histogram for ... Read More

To find the smallest number in an R data frame column excluding values zero or less, we can use min function along with subsetting of values greater than 0 through single square brackets.For example, if we have a data frame called df that contains a column say X then the smallest number excluding values zero or less can be found by using the below command −min(df[df$X>0,1])Example 1Following snippet creates a sample data frame −x

To select data frame columns based on their class in R, we can follow the below steps −First of all, create a data frame or consider an inbuilt data set.Then, use select_if function of dplyr package with class function.Example 1str(CO2)OutputOn executing, the above script generates the below output(this output will vary on your system due to randomization) −Classes ‘nfnGroupedData’, ‘nfGroupedData’, ‘groupedData’ and 'data.frame':84 obs. of 5 variables: $ Plant : Ord.factor w/ 12 levels "Qn1"