In data analysis, we often need to find the percentage of values that exists in a data group. This helps us to understand which value occurs frequently and which one has low frequency. Also, plotting of percentages through pie charts can be done and that gives a better view of the data to the readers. Adding a new column as percentage for groups is not a challenge if we can use mutate function of dplyr package, here you will get the examples from that.Example1 Live Demo> Group Frequency df1 df1OutputGroup Frequency 1 1 67 2 1 58 3 1 54 4 ... Read More

To change the focus of a plot we can do multiple things and one such thing is changing the background of the plot. If the background color of a plot is different than white then obviously it will get attention of the readers because this is unusual as most of the times the plots have white backgrounds, hence if we want to attract readers on the plot then we might use this technique. It can be done by using par(bg= "color_name").ExampleCreating a simple histogram − Live Demo> x hist(x)OutputExampleCreating histogram with different background colors −> par(bg="green") > hist(x)Output> par(bg="yellow") > hist(x)Outputpar(bg="blue") ... Read More

A vector can contain numbers, characters or both. The sorting of vectors that contain only numbers or only characters is not very difficult but if a vector contains both of them then it is a little tedious task. In R, we can sort a vector that contains numbers as well as characters with the help of order function but before doing this sorting we must look at the vector very carefully to check if the characters are different for the elements of the vector or not, if they are different then we can’t do this sorting in the manner explained ... Read More

In data analysis, we often need column totals, especially in situations where we want to perform the analysis in a step by step manner. There are many analytical techniques in which we find the column totals such as ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, CORRELATION, REGRESSION, etc. To find the column totals, we can use colSums function and use the single square brackets to put these totals as a row in the data frame.Example1Consider the below data frame − Live Demo> x1 x2 x3 df1 df1Output  x1 x2 x3 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 ... Read More

Extraction of data is necessary in data analysis because extraction helps us to keep the important information about a data set. This important information could be the first row and the last row of groups as well, also we might want to use these rows for other type of analysis such as comparing the initial and last data values among groups. We can extract or select the first and last row based on group column by using slice function of dplyr package.Example Live DemoConsider the below data frame: > x1 x2 df1 head(df1, 12)Output  x1 x2 1  1  3 2  1 ... Read More

There are many data sets available in base R and in different packages of R. The characteristics of these data sets are very different, for example, some data sets are time series data, some have only numerical columns, some have numerical as well as factor columns, some includes character columns with other type of columns. Therefore, it becomes helpful to everyone who want to learn the use of R programming. To get the list of available data sets in base R we can use data() but to get the list of data sets available in a package we first need ... Read More

For a one point of time, we might have multiple time series data, this could be weather for multiple cities, price variation in multiple products, demand expectancy at different locations, or anything that changes with time and measured for multiple things or locations. If we have such type of time series data then we would be needing to plot that data in a single plot and it can be done with the help of geom_line function of ggplot2 package.ExampleConsider the below data frames − Live Demo> x1 y1 df1 df1Output   x1 y1 1 1 -0.1165387 2 2 -0.9084062 3 3 0.4696637 ... Read More

Creating a numeric vector is the first step towards learning R programming and there are many ways to do that but if we want to generate a sequence of number then it is a bit different thing, not totally different. We can create a vector with a sequence of numbers by using − if the sequence of numbers needs to have only the difference of 1, otherwise seq function can be used.Example Live Demo> x1 x1Output[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ... Read More

The default color of the bars created by using ggplot2 package is grey but we can change that color to any depending on our interest. This change is highly required in professions such as academic writing and analytics because everyone wants to look at attractive images. They are not meant to be useful if you just want to learn the concept but when it comes to practical, you need to do it as attractive images gets more attention, thus, they become memorable. To change the color of the bars in ggplot2, we can use fill argument of geom_bar function.ExampleConsider the ... Read More

A matrix can have one or more than one minimum and maximum values. Also, the size of the matrix can be just one column and multiple rows or thousands of columns and thousands of rows. The row number and column number for the minimum and maximum values in a matrix can be found by using the following syntax −For Maximumwhich(“Matrix_Name”==min(“Matrix_Name”),arr.ind=TRUE)For Minimum>which(“Matrix_Name”==max(“Matrix_Name”),arr.ind=TRUE)Example M1