We know that a list in R can have multiple elements of different data types but they can be the same as well. Whether we have the same type of elements or different ones, we might want to subset the list with unique values, especially in situations where we believe that the values must be same. To do this, we can use unique function.ExampleConsider the below list − Live Demox1

To apply shapiro wilk test for normality on vectors, we just simply name the vector inside shapiro.test function but if we want to do the same for an R data frame column then the column will have to specify the column in a proper way. For example, if the data frame name is df and the column name is x then the function will work as shapiro.test(df$x).Example Live Demox1

The power of a matrix in R cannot be found directly because there is not function in base R for that. Therefore, for this purpose we can use %^% of expm package. Firstly, we will install the expm package then load it and use %^%. For example, suppose we have a matrix called M and we want to find the M raise to the power 2 then it can be done as − M %^%2ExampleInstalling and Loading expm package −install.packages("expm") library(expm)Example Live DemoM1

When we draw a scatterplot using ggplot2 with points based on a sequence of values then the size of the points might be very small for the small values. As a result, it becomes a little difficult to view the points. Therefore, we might want to increase the size of those points. It can be done by using scale_size_continuous function in which we can set a range for the points size.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox

A list sometimes contains NULL elements along with other elements. Therefore, we might want to get rid of that NULL element so that we can use our list without any hustle. To do this, we can use lapply function with the following syntax −Syntax“List_name”[!unlist(lapply(“List_name”,is.null))]ExampleConsider the below list − Live Demox1

A list contains different type of elements and each of the them can have varying elements. To subset these sub-elements we can use sapply function and use c to subset the number of corresponding sub-elements. For example, if we have a list that contains five elements and each of those elements have ten sub-elements then we can extract 1, 2, 3 etc elements from sub-elements.ExampleConsider the below list − Live Demox1

If we have an data.table object or a data frame converted to a data.table and it has a factor column then we might want to create a frequency table that shows the number of values each factor has or the count of factor levels. This is a data summarization method which helps us to understand the variation in the occurrences of factor levels. This can be easily done with a single line of code if we have a data.table object, otherwise we first need to convert the object.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live DemoGroup

The cor function in R helps us to find the correlation matrix from a data frame or a matrix but the output of it always a matrix as intended. We might want to convert that matrix into a data frame which consists of all combination of variables with their correlation value. It can be done by reading the correlation matrix with as.table and converting that table into a data frame with as.data.frame.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox1

If an R data frame contains all numerical columns and we want to find the difference between row values then we will lose first row of the data frame because that will not be subtracted from any row. This can be done by using head function and minus sign. It will work as subtracting the second last row from the last row, then subtracting third last row from the second last row and so on.ExampleConsider the below data frame − Live Demox1

The sumproduct function in Excel multiply each value of two or more arrays with the corresponding values then add the sum of the result. For example, if we have 1, 2 in A1, A2 in Excel and 2, 2 in B1 and B2 then sumproduct will multiply 1*2 and 2*2 then take the summation of those two multiplications. In R, we have crossprod function for the same.Examples Live Demox1