If a graph is created by specifying main title of the plot using the plot function then the default font is plain text. We might want to change the style of the font to italic so that the title gets a little more attraction of the viewers. This can be done by using font.main argument with plot function. The value 4 of font.main refers to the bold italic font and if we want to make it bold then we can use the value 3.Consider the below vectors and create the scatterplot between the two with title of the plot −ExamplexRead More

To find the correlation matrix, we simply need to use cor function with the data frame object name. For example, if we have a data frame named as df then the correlation matrix can be found by using cor(df). But the result will have too many decimal places to represent the correlation. If we want to avoid the values after decimal places, we can use round function.Consider the mtcars data in base R −Example Live Demodata(mtcars) cor(mtcars)Output      mpg           cyl        disp        hp         drat     ... Read More

To find the root mean square of a vector we can find the mean of the squared values then take the square root of the resulting vector. This can be done in a single and very short line of code. For example, if we have a vector x and we want to find the root mean square of this vector then it can be done as sqrt(mean(x^2)).Example Live Demox1

The default color of boxplot area in R using ggplot2 is white but we might want to change that color to something more attracting, for example blue or red. To do this purpose, we can use geom_boxplot function of ggplot2 package with fill argument by passing the color names.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(1321) v1

There are multiple ways to fill missing values in data analysis and one of the ways is filling them with the previous value in the same column of the data frame. For example, if we have a column x in data frame df and this columns x contains some NA values then we can fill them with the values in the upper row. This can be done with the help of na.locf function of zoo package.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(477) x

If we have missing values in a data frame then all the values cannot be considered complete cases and we might want to extract only values that are complete. We might want extract the complete cases for a particular column only. Therefore, we can use negation of is.na for the column of the data frame that we want to subset.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(123) x

Random sampling is an important part of data analysis, mostly we need to create a random sample based on rows instead of columns because rows represent the cases. To create a random sample of some percentage of rows for a particular value of a column from an R data frame we can use sample function with which function.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(887) grp

A bar plot represents discrete data and the bars in the bar plot are usually of same color but we might want to highlight a particular bar based on the characteristics of the data or the objective of the analysis project. For example, if a particular bar represents highly severe situation or highly unimportant situation then we can change the color that particular bar so that people can easily point out that bar.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demox

Sometimes the unique identity column of a data frame is not recorded as intended, it contains only numeric values that does not solve the data characteristic purpose. Therefore, we might want to add a string before those numeric values to make the data more sensible for viewers and analysts. This can be easily done with the help of gsub function.Consider the below data frame −Example Live Demoset.seed(111) x1

There is no function in R to calculate the population variance but we can use the population size and sample variance to find it. We know that the divisor in population variance is the population size and if we multiply the output of var(it calculates sample variance) function with (population size – 1)/population size then the output will be population variance.Example Live Demoset.seed(141) x1